Adaptive switching of color spaces, color sampling rates and/or bit depths

ABSTRACT

Innovations in adaptive encoding and decoding for units of a video sequence can improve coding efficiency. For example, some of the innovations relate to encoding/decoding that includes adaptive switching of color spaces between units within a video sequence. Other innovations relate encoding/decoding that includes adaptive switching of color sampling rates between units within a video sequence. Still other innovations relate encoding/decoding that includes adaptive switching of bit depths between units within a video sequence.

BACKGROUND

Engineers use compression (also called source coding or source encoding)to reduce the bit rate of digital video. Compression decreases the costof storing and transmitting video information by converting theinformation into a lower bit rate form. Decompression (also calleddecoding) reconstructs a version of the original information from thecompressed form. A “codec” is an encoder/decoder system.

Over the last two decades, various video codec standards have beenadopted, including the ITU-T H.261, H.262 (MPEG-2 or ISO/IEC 13818-2),H.263 and H.264 (MPEG-4 AVC or ISO/IEC 14496-10) standards, the MPEG-1(ISO/IEC 11172-2) and MPEG-4 Visual (ISO/IEC 14496-2) standards, and theSMPTE 421M (VC-1) standard. More recently, the H.265/HEVC standard(ITU-T H.265 or ISO/IEC 23008-2) has been approved. Extensions to theH.265/HEVC standard (e.g., for scalable video coding/decoding, forcoding/decoding of video with higher fidelity in terms of sample bitdepth or chroma sampling rate, for screen capture content, or formulti-view coding/decoding) are currently under development. A videocodec standard typically defines options for the syntax of an encodedvideo bitstream, detailing parameters in the bitstream when particularfeatures are used in encoding and decoding. In many cases, a video codecstandard also provides details about the decoding operations a decodershould perform to achieve conforming results in decoding. Aside fromcodec standards, various proprietary codec formats define other optionsfor the syntax of an encoded video bitstream and corresponding decodingoperations.

A video source such as a camera, animation output, screen capturemodule, etc. typically provides video in a particular color space, withcolor components of the video sub-sampled according to a particularcolor sampling rate, and with sample values having a particular bitdepth. In general, a color space (sometimes called a color model) is amodel for representing colors as n values per physical position, forn≥1, where each of the n values provides a color component value forthat position. For example, in a YUV color space, a luma (or Y)component value represents an approximate brightness at a position andmultiple chroma (or U and V) component values represent colordifferences at the position. Or, in an RGB color space, a red (R)component value represents a red intensity, a green (G) component valuerepresents a green intensity, and a blue (B) component value representsa blue intensity at a position. Historically, different color spaceshave advantages for different applications such as display, printing,broadcasting and encoding/decoding. Sample values can be convertedbetween color spaces using color space transformation operations.

Color sampling rate (sometimes called chroma sampling rate) refers tothe relative spatial resolution between color components. For example,for a color sampling rate of 4:4:4, information for secondary components(e.g., U and V components for YUV) has the same spatial resolution asinformation for a primary component (e.g., Y component for YUV). For acolor sampling rate of 4:2:2 or 4:2:0, information for secondarycomponents is downsampled relative to information for the primarycomponent. YUV 4:2:0 format is commonly used for encoding/decoding. As adesign principle, the decision to use a YUV 4:2:0 format forencoding/decoding is premised on the understanding that, for most usecases, viewers do not notice many visual differences between videoencoded/decoded in a YUV 4:2:0 format and video encoded/decoded in a YUV4:4:4 format. The compression advantages for the YUV 4:2:0 format, whichhas fewer samples per frame, are therefore compelling.

Bit depth refers to the number of bits per sample value. Common bitdepths are 8 bits per sample, 10 bits per sample and 12 bits per sample.In general, having more bits per sample allows for more precisegradations of colors for video, but uses more storage for the video.Having fewer bits per sample typically reduces bit rate at the cost ofreduced quality.

Many commercially available video encoders and decoders support only aYUV 4:2:0 format. Other commercially available encoders and decoders(e.g., for the H.264/AVC standard or H.265/HEVC standard) allow anencoder to specify a color space, color sampling rate and bit depth fora given sequence. The specified color space, color sampling rate and bitdepth are used for the entire video sequence. These approaches do notprovide sufficient flexibility for a general-purpose codec system thatmay process very different kinds of video content within a single videosequence.

SUMMARY

In summary, the detailed description presents innovations in the area ofadaptive encoding and decoding. For example, some of the innovationsrelate to an encoder that switches color spaces between units within avideo sequence during encoding, as well as a corresponding decoder.Other innovations relate to an encoder that switches color samplingrates between units within a video sequence during encoding, as well asa corresponding decoder. Still other innovations relate to an encoderthat switches bit depths between units within a video sequence duringencoding, as well as a corresponding decoder. These innovations canimprove coding efficiency in many scenarios.

According to a first aspect of the innovations described herein, animage or video encoder encodes video in a sequence. As part of theencoding, the encoder switches color spaces, color sampling rates and/orbit depths spatially and/or temporally between at least some units(e.g., pictures of the sequence, slices of a given picture of thesequence, blocks of a given picture of the sequence) of the video withinthe sequence. The encoder outputs encoded data in a bitstream. Theencoded data includes one or more signals indicating how the colorspaces, the color sampling rates and/or the bit depths switch betweenthe at least some units of the video within the sequence.

A corresponding decoder receives encoded data in a bitstream. Theencoded data includes one or more signals indicating how color spaces,color sampling rates and/or bit depths switch between at least someunits (e.g., pictures of the sequence, slices of a given picture of thesequence, blocks of a given picture of the sequence) of video within asequence. The decoder decodes the encoded data. As part of the decoding,the decoder switches the color spaces, the color sampling rates and/orthe bit depths spatially and/or temporally between the at least someunits of the video within the sequence.

For example, during encoding or decoding, the switching includeschanging between two of the color spaces using color spacetransformation operations. For color space transformation operations,the color spaces can include at least one YUV-type color space and atleast one RGB-type color space.

Or, as another example, during encoding or decoding, the switchingincludes changing between two of the color spaces using color spacereordering operations. For color space reordering operations, the colorspaces can include multiple RGB-type color spaces.

Or, as another example, during encoding or decoding, the switchingincludes changing between two of the color sampling rates. The colorsampling rates can include two or more of 4:4:4, 4:2:2, 4:2:0 and 4:0:0.

Or, as another example, during encoding or decoding, the switchingincludes changing between two of the bit depths. The bit depths caninclude two or more of 12 bits per sample, 10 bits per sample and 8 bitsper sample. Also, different color components of a given unit of thevideo can have different bit depths.

Syntax and semantics for the signal(s) that indicate how color spaces,color sampling rates and/or bit depths switch depend on implementation.For example, the signal(s) include a flag value for a given unit of thevideo. The flag value indicates a selection between two options for thecolor spaces, the color sampling rates or the bit depths. Or, thesignal(s) include a syntax element for a given unit of the video. Thesyntax element indicates a selection between three or more options forthe color spaces, the color sampling rates or the bit depths. A signalcan be predictively coded, in which case a delta value for a parameterfor a given unit of the video represents a difference between an actualvalue of the parameter and its predictor. The predictor can be asequence layer parameter. Or, the predictor can be based on one or moreactual values of the parameter for one or more previous units of thevideo.

In addition to the signal(s), the encoded data can include informationidentifying or defining the color spaces, color sampling rates and/orbit depths. For example, the information can include a matrix of valuesusable for color space transformation operations between two of thecolor spaces.

The encoding or decoding can include prediction of sample values of acurrent block in a current picture based at least in part on a set ofsample values of previously reconstructed content. For intra-pictureprediction, the set of sample values of the previously reconstructedcontent is part of the current picture. For inter-picture prediction,the set of sample values of the previously reconstructed content is partof a reference picture. As part of the prediction, the encoder ordecoder can evaluate whether the set of sample values of the previouslyreconstructed content and the sample values of the current block are indifferent formats.

In some cases, the set of sample values of the previously reconstructedcontent are stored in a first format, and the sample values of thecurrent block are encoded in a second format different than the firstformat. In this event, as part of the prediction, the encoder or decodercan (a) convert the set of sample values of the previously reconstructedcontent from the first format to the second format (e.g., convertingbetween two color spaces, converting between two color sampling ratesand/or converting between two bit depths), (b) predict the sample valuesof the current block using the set of converted sample values of thepreviously reconstructed content, and (c) reconstruct the sample valuesof the current block based at least in part on the predicted samplevalues of the current block. Or, as part of the prediction, the encoderor decoder can (a) predict the sample values of the current block usingthe set of sample values of the previously reconstructed content, (b)convert the predicted sample values of the current block from the firstformat to the second format, and (c) reconstruct the sample values ofthe current block based at least in part on the converted predictedsample values of the current block. After the prediction, the encoder ordecoder can (d) convert the reconstructed sample values of the currentblock from the second format to the first format, and (e) store theconverted reconstructed sample values of the current block (in the firstformat) as part of the previously reconstructed content.

The encoding or decoding can also include deblocking previouslyreconstructed content according to one or more rules. For example, aspart of the deblocking, the encoder or decoder adjusts strength of adeblocking filter depending on whether primary components of twoadjacent blocks have non-zero residual values. Or, as part of thedeblocking, the encoder or decoder adjusts strength of a deblockingfilter depending on whether corresponding components of the two adjacentblocks have non-zero residual values. Thus, the rule(s) can account fordifferent color spaces of the two adjacent blocks.

The innovations for adaptive switching of color spaces, color samplingrates and/or bit depths can be implemented as part of a method, as partof a computing device adapted to perform the method or as part of atangible computer-readable media storing computer-executableinstructions for causing a computing device to perform the method. Thevarious innovations can be used in combination or separately. Inparticular, a video encoder and decoder can adaptively switch only colorspaces within a video sequence (with a fixed color sampling rate andfixed bit depth). Or, a video encoder and decoder can adaptively switchonly color sampling rates within a video sequence (with a fixed colorspace and fixed bit depth). Or, a video encoder and decoder canadaptively switch only bit depths within a video sequence (with a fixedcolor space and fixed color sampling rate). Or, a video encoder anddecoder can adaptively switch (1) color spaces and color sampling rates,but not bit depths, within a video sequence, (2) color spaces and bitdepths, but not color sampling rates, within a video sequence, or (3)color sampling rates and bit depths, but not color spaces, within avideo sequence. Or, a video encoder and decoder can adaptively switchcolor spaces, color sampling rates, and bit depths within a videosequence.

The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of theinvention will become more apparent from the following detaileddescription, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example computing system in which somedescribed embodiments can be implemented.

FIGS. 2 a and 2 b are diagrams of example network environments in whichsome described embodiments can be implemented.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of an example encoder system in conjunction withwhich some described embodiments can be implemented.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of an example decoder system in conjunction withwhich some described embodiments can be implemented.

FIGS. 5 a and 5 b are diagrams illustrating an example video encoder inconjunction with which some described embodiments can be implemented.

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example video decoder in conjunctionwith which some described embodiments can be implemented.

FIG. 7 is diagram illustrating a computer desktop environment withcontent that may provide input for screen capture.

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating composite video with natural videocontent and artificial video content.

FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating picture-adaptive color spaces, colorsampling rates and/or bit depths for pictures in a sequence.

FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating slice-adaptive color spaces, colorsampling rates and/or bit depths for slices of a picture in a sequence.

FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating block-adaptive color spaces, colorsampling rates and/or bit depths for blocks of a slice of a picture in asequence.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustrating a generalized technique foradaptively switching color spaces, color sampling rates and/or bitdepths during encoding, and FIG. 13 is a flowchart illustrating a moredetailed example technique for adaptively switching on a unit-by-unitbasis during encoding.

FIG. 14 is a flowchart illustrating a generalized technique foradaptively switching color spaces, color sampling rates and/or bitdepths during decoding, and FIG. 15 is a flowchart illustrating a moredetailed example technique for adaptively switching on a unit-by-unitbasis during decoding.

FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustrating a technique for prediction of samplevalues of a block encoded in one format from a set of sample values ofpreviously reconstructed content in a different format.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The detailed description presents innovations in the areas of adaptiveencoding and decoding. For example, some of the innovations relate to anencoder that switches color spaces between units within a video sequenceduring encoding, as well as a corresponding decoder. Other innovationsrelate to an encoder that switches color sampling rates between unitswithin a video sequence during encoding, as well as a correspondingdecoder. Still other innovations relate to an encoder that switches bitdepths between units within a video sequence during encoding, as well asa corresponding decoder. These innovations can improve coding efficiencyin many scenarios.

In general, a color space (sometimes called a color model) is a modelfor representing colors as n values per physical position, for n>1,where each of the n values provides a color component value for thatposition.

For example, in a YUV color space, a luma (or Y) component valuerepresents an approximate brightness at a position and multiple chroma(or U and V) component values represent color differences at theposition. The precise definitions of the color difference values (andconversion operations to/from a YUV color space to another color spacesuch as RGB) depend on implementation. Typically, for purposes ofencoding and decoding, the Y component is the primary component, and theU and V components are secondary components. In general, as used herein,the term YUV-type color space indicates any color space with a luma (orluminance) component and one or more chroma (or chrominance) components,including Y′UV, YIQ, Y′IQ and YDbDr as well as variations such as YCbCrand YCoCg.

The component signal measures that are used may be adjusted through theapplication of a non-linear transfer characteristics function (generallyknown as “gamma pre-compensation” and often denoted by the use of aprime symbol, although the prime symbol is often omitted fortypographical convenience). Or, the component signal measures may be ina domain that has a linear relationship with light amplitude. The lumaand chroma component signals may be well aligned with the perception ofbrightness and color for the human visual system, or the luma and chromacomponent signals may somewhat deviate from such measures (e.g., as inthe YCoCg variation, in which formulas are applied that simplify thecomputation of the color component values).

As another example, in an RGB color space, a red (R) component valuerepresents a red intensity, a green (G) component value represents agreen intensity, and a blue (B) component value represents a blueintensity at a position. As used herein, the term RGB-type color spaceindicates a color space with R, G and B color components in any order.Examples include RGB, BGR and GBR color spaces, which differ in terms ofthe primary component for purposes of encoding and decoding. The primarycomponent is indicated with the first letter of the color space (e.g., Rfor RGB).

Color sampling rate (sometimes called chroma sampling rate) refers tothe relative spatial resolution between color components. For example,for a color sampling rate of 4:4:4, information for secondary components(e.g., U and V components for YUV) has the same spatial resolution asinformation for a primary component (e.g., Y component for YUV). For acolor sampling rate of 4:2:2 or 4:2:0, information for secondarycomponents is downsampled relative to information for the primarycomponent. A YUV 4:2:0 format is a format that sub-samples chromainformation compared to a YUV 4:4:4 format, so that chroma resolution ishalf that of luma resolution both horizontally and vertically. A YUV4:2:2 format is a format that sub-samples chroma informationhorizontally compared to a YUV 4:4:4 format, so that chroma resolutionis half that of luma resolution horizontally. Other examples of colorsampling rates are 4:1:1 (secondary components have quarter resolutionhorizontally) and 4:0:0 (secondary components dropped). Colorsub-sampling is typically applied to YUV-type color spaces. RGB-typecolor spaces usually have a color sampling rate of 4:4:4, but can have adifferent color sampling rate according to which secondary colorcomponents are sub-sampled.

Although YUV 4:2:0 format is conventionally used for video encoding anddecoding, there are some use cases for which video has richer colorinformation, and higher color fidelity may be justified. In such usecases, the differences between YUV 4:4:4 and YUV 4:2:0 chroma samplingformats are more easily perceived by viewers. For example, forencoding/decoding of computer screen text content, animated videocontent with artificial hard-edged boundaries, or certain features ofvideo content more generally (such as scrolling titles and hard-edgedgraphics, or video with information concentrated in chroma channels), a4:4:4 format may be preferable to a 4:2:0 format.

Bit depth refers to the number of bits per sample value. Common bitdepths are 8 bits per sample, 10 bits per sample and 12 bits per sample.Other possible bit depths include 4-bits per sample and 16 bits persample.

Although operations described herein are in places described as beingperformed by a video encoder or decoder, in many cases the operationscan be performed by another type of media processing tool (e.g., imageencoder or decoder). For example, the operations can be performed forapplications such as still-image coding/decoding, medical scan contentcoding/decoding, multispectral imagery content coding/decoding, etc.

Some of the innovations described herein are illustrated with referenceto syntax elements and operations specific to the H.265/HEVC standard.For example, reference is made to the draft version JCTVC-P1005 of theH.265/HEVC standard—“High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) RangeExtensions Text Specification: Draft 6,” JCTVC-P1005_v1, February 2014.The innovations described herein can also be implemented for otherstandards or formats.

More generally, various alternatives to the examples described hereinare possible. For example, some of the methods described herein can bealtered by changing the ordering of the method acts described, bysplitting, repeating, or omitting certain method acts, etc. The variousaspects of the disclosed technology can be used in combination orseparately. Different embodiments use one or more of the describedinnovations. Some of the innovations described herein address one ormore of the problems noted in the background. Typically, a giventechnique/tool does not solve all such problems.

I. Example Computing Systems.

FIG. 1 illustrates a generalized example of a suitable computing system(100) in which several of the described innovations may be implemented.The computing system (100) is not intended to suggest any limitation asto scope of use or functionality, as the innovations may be implementedin diverse general-purpose or special-purpose computing systems.

With reference to FIG. 1 , the computing system (100) includes one ormore processing units (110, 115) and memory (120, 125). The processingunits (110, 115) execute computer-executable instructions. A processingunit can be a general-purpose central processing unit (“CPU”), processorin an application-specific integrated circuit (“ASIC”) or any other typeof processor. In a multi-processing system, multiple processing unitsexecute computer-executable instructions to increase processing power.For example, FIG. 1 shows a central processing unit (110) as well as agraphics processing unit or co-processing unit (115). The tangiblememory (120, 125) may be volatile memory (e.g., registers, cache, RAM),non-volatile memory (e.g., ROM, EEPROM, flash memory, etc.), or somecombination of the two, accessible by the processing unit(s). The memory(120, 125) stores software (180) implementing one or more innovationsfor adaptive switching of color spaces, color sampling rates and/or bitdepths, in the form of computer-executable instructions suitable forexecution by the processing unit(s).

A computing system may have additional features. For example, thecomputing system (100) includes storage (140), one or more input devices(150), one or more output devices (160), and one or more communicationconnections (170). An interconnection mechanism (not shown) such as abus, controller, or network interconnects the components of thecomputing system (100). Typically, operating system software (not shown)provides an operating environment for other software executing in thecomputing system (100), and coordinates activities of the components ofthe computing system (100).

The tangible storage (140) may be removable or non-removable, andincludes magnetic disks, magnetic tapes or cassettes, CD-ROMs, DVDs, orany other medium which can be used to store information and which can beaccessed within the computing system (100). The storage (140) storesinstructions for the software (180) implementing one or more innovationsfor adaptive switching of color spaces, color sampling rates and/or bitdepths.

The input device(s) (150) may be a touch input device such as akeyboard, mouse, pen, or trackball, a voice input device, a scanningdevice, or another device that provides input to the computing system(100). For video, the input device(s) (150) may be a camera, video card,TV tuner card, screen capture module, or similar device that acceptsvideo input in analog or digital form, or a CD-ROM or CD-RW that readsvideo input into the computing system (100). The output device(s) (160)may be a display, printer, speaker, CD-writer, or another device thatprovides output from the computing system (100).

The communication connection(s) (170) enable communication over acommunication medium to another computing entity. The communicationmedium conveys information such as computer-executable instructions,audio or video input or output, or other data in a modulated datasignal. A modulated data signal is a signal that has one or more of itscharacteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode informationin the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communicationmedia can use an electrical, optical, RF, or other carrier.

The innovations can be described in the general context ofcomputer-readable media. Computer-readable media are any availabletangible media that can be accessed within a computing environment. Byway of example, and not limitation, with the computing system (100),computer-readable media include memory (120, 125), storage (140), andcombinations of any of the above.

The innovations can be described in the general context ofcomputer-executable instructions, such as those included in programmodules, being executed in a computing system on a target real orvirtual processor. Generally, program modules include routines,programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, etc.that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract datatypes. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or splitbetween program modules as desired in various embodiments.Computer-executable instructions for program modules may be executedwithin a local or distributed computing system.

The terms “system” and “device” are used interchangeably herein. Unlessthe context clearly indicates otherwise, neither term implies anylimitation on a type of computing system or computing device. Ingeneral, a computing system or computing device can be local ordistributed, and can include any combination of special-purpose hardwareand/or general-purpose hardware with software implementing thefunctionality described herein.

The disclosed methods can also be implemented using specializedcomputing hardware configured to perform any of the disclosed methods.For example, the disclosed methods can be implemented by an integratedcircuit (e.g., an ASIC (such as an ASIC digital signal processor(“DSP”), a graphics processing unit (“GPU”), or a programmable logicdevice (“PLD”), such as a field programmable gate array (“FPGA”))specially designed or configured to implement any of the disclosedmethods.

For the sake of presentation, the detailed description uses terms like“determine” and “use” to describe computer operations in a computingsystem. These terms are high-level abstractions for operations performedby a computer, and should not be confused with acts performed by a humanbeing. The actual computer operations corresponding to these terms varydepending on implementation.

II. Example Network Environments.

FIGS. 2 a and 2 b show example network environments (201, 202) thatinclude video encoders (220) and video decoders (270). The encoders(220) and decoders (270) are connected over a network (250) using anappropriate communication protocol. The network (250) can include theInternet or another computer network.

In the network environment (201) shown in FIG. 2 a , each real-timecommunication (“RTC”) tool (210) includes both an encoder (220) and adecoder (270) for bidirectional communication. A given encoder (220) canproduce output compliant with a variation or extension of the H.265/HEVCstandard, SMPTE 421M standard, ISO-IEC 14496-10 standard (also known asH.264 or AVC), another standard, or a proprietary format, with acorresponding decoder (270) accepting encoded data from the encoder(220). The bidirectional communication can be part of a videoconference, video telephone call, or other two-party or multi-partcommunication scenario. Although the network environment (201) in FIG. 2a includes two real-time communication tools (210), the networkenvironment (201) can instead include three or more real-timecommunication tools (210) that participate in multi-party communication.

A real-time communication tool (210) manages encoding by an encoder(220). FIG. 3 shows an example encoder system (300) that can be includedin the real-time communication tool (210). Alternatively, the real-timecommunication tool (210) uses another encoder system. A real-timecommunication tool (210) also manages decoding by a decoder (270). FIG.4 shows an example decoder system (400), which can be included in thereal-time communication tool (210). Alternatively, the real-timecommunication tool (210) uses another decoder system.

In the network environment (202) shown in FIG. 2 b , an encoding tool(212) includes an encoder (220) that encodes video for delivery tomultiple playback tools (214), which include decoders (270). Theunidirectional communication can be provided for a video surveillancesystem, web camera monitoring system, screen capture module, remotedesktop conferencing presentation or other scenario in which video isencoded and sent from one location to one or more other locations.Although the network environment (202) in FIG. 2 b includes two playbacktools (214), the network environment (202) can include more or fewerplayback tools (214). In general, a playback tool (214) communicateswith the encoding tool (212) to determine a stream of video for theplayback tool (214) to receive. The playback tool (214) receives thestream, buffers the received encoded data for an appropriate period, andbegins decoding and playback.

FIG. 3 shows an example encoder system (300) that can be included in theencoding tool (212). Alternatively, the encoding tool (212) uses anotherencoder system. The encoding tool (212) can also include server-sidecontroller logic for managing connections with one or more playbacktools (214). FIG. 4 shows an example decoder system (400), which can beincluded in the playback tool (214). Alternatively, the playback tool(214) uses another decoder system. A playback tool (214) can alsoinclude client-side controller logic for managing connections with theencoding tool (212).

III. Example Encoder Systems.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an example encoder system (300) inconjunction with which some described embodiments may be implemented.The encoder system (300) can be a general-purpose encoding tool capableof operating in any of multiple encoding modes such as a low-latencyencoding mode for real-time communication, a transcoding mode, and ahigher-latency encoding mode for producing media for playback from afile or stream, or it can be a special-purpose encoding tool adapted forone such encoding mode. The encoder system (300) can be adapted forencoding of a particular type of content (e.g., screen capture content),or it can be adapted for encoding of any of several different types ofcontent (e.g., screen capture content and natural video). The encodersystem (300) can be implemented as an operating system module, as partof an application library or as a standalone application. Overall, theencoder system (300) receives a sequence of source video frames (311)from a video source (310) and produces encoded data as output to achannel (390). The encoded data output to the channel can includecontent encoded with adaptive switching of color spaces, color samplingrates and/or bit depths.

The video source (310) can be a camera, tuner card, storage media,screen capture module, or other digital video source. The video source(310) produces a sequence of video frames at a frame rate of, forexample, 30 frames per second. As used herein, the term “frame”generally refers to source, coded or reconstructed image data. Forprogressive-scan video, a frame is a progressive-scan video frame. Forinterlaced video, in example embodiments, an interlaced video framemight be de-interlaced prior to encoding. Alternatively, twocomplementary interlaced video fields are encoded together as a singlevideo frame or encoded as two separately-encoded fields. Aside fromindicating a progressive-scan video frame or interlaced-scan videoframe, the term “frame” or “picture” can indicate a single non-pairedvideo field, a complementary pair of video fields, a video object planethat represents a video object at a given time, or a region of interestin a larger image. The video object plane or region can be part of alarger image that includes multiple objects or regions of a scene.

An arriving source frame (311) is stored in a source frame temporarymemory storage area (320) that includes multiple frame buffer storageareas (321, 322, . . . , 32 n). A frame buffer (321, 322, etc.) holdsone source frame in the source frame storage area (320). After one ormore of the source frames (311) have been stored in frame buffers (321,322, etc.), a frame selector (330) selects an individual source framefrom the source frame storage area (320). The order in which frames areselected by the frame selector (330) for input to the encoder (340) maydiffer from the order in which the frames are produced by the videosource (310), e.g., the encoding of some frames may be delayed in order,so as to allow some later frames to be encoded first and to thusfacilitate temporally backward prediction. Before the encoder (340), theencoder system (300) can include a pre-processor (not shown) thatperforms pre-processing (e.g., filtering) of the selected frame (331)before encoding.

The encoder (340) encodes the selected frame (331) to produce a codedframe (341) and also produces memory management control operation(“MMCO”) signals (342) or reference picture set (“RPS”) information. TheRPS is the set of frames that may be used for reference in motioncompensation for a current frame or any subsequent frame. If the currentframe is not the first frame that has been encoded, when performing itsencoding process, the encoder (340) may use one or more previouslyencoded/decoded frames (369) that have been stored in a decoded frametemporary memory storage area (360). Such stored decoded frames (369)are used as reference frames for inter-frame prediction of the contentof the current source frame (331). The MMCO/RPS information (342)indicates to a decoder which reconstructed frames may be used asreference frames, and hence should be stored in a frame storage area.

The encoder (340) accepts video in a particular color space (e.g., aYUV-type color space, an RGB-type color space), with a particular colorsampling rate (e.g., 4:4:4) and a particular number of bits per sample(e.g., 12 bits per sample). During encoding, for different pictures,slices, blocks or other units of video, the encoder (340) can performcolor space conversions to transform between a YUV-type color space andan RGB-type color space, or to/from some other color space. The encoder(340) can also perform color space conversions to reorder colorcomponents, changing which color component is the primary component(e.g., converting between RGB, BGR and GBR formats). During encoding,the encoder (340) can also perform resampling processing to change colorsampling rates (e.g., between 4:4:4, 4:2:2 and 4:2:0 formats) fordifferent pictures, slices, blocks or other units of video. The encoder(340) can also change bit depths (e.g., between 12 bits per sample, 10bits per sample and 8 bits per sample) during encoding for differentpictures, slices, blocks or other units of video. In some exampleimplementations, the encoder (340) can switch color spaces, colorsampling rates and/or bit depths on a picture-by-picture basis duringencoding.

Generally, the encoder (340) includes multiple encoding modules thatperform encoding tasks such as partitioning into tiles, adaptation ofcolor space, color sampling rate and/or bit depth, intra predictionestimation and prediction, motion estimation and compensation, frequencytransforms, quantization and entropy coding. The exact operationsperformed by the encoder (340) can vary depending on compression format.The format of the output encoded data can be a variation or extension ofH.265/HEVC format, Windows Media Video format, VC-1 format, MPEG-xformat (e.g., MPEG-1, MPEG-2, or MPEG-4), H.26x format (e.g., H.261,H.262, H.263, H.264), or another format.

The encoder (340) can partition a frame into multiple tiles of the samesize or different sizes. For example, the encoder (340) splits the framealong tile rows and tile columns that, with frame boundaries, definehorizontal and vertical boundaries of tiles within the frame, where eachtile is a rectangular region. Tiles are often used to provide optionsfor parallel processing. A frame can also be organized as one or moreslices, where a slice can be an entire frame or region of the frame. Aslice can be decoded independently of other slices in a frame, whichimproves error resilience. The content of a slice or tile is furtherpartitioned into blocks or other sets of sample values for purposes ofencoding and decoding. In some example implementations, the encoder(340) can switch color spaces, color sampling rates and/or bit depths ona slice-by-slice basis during encoding.

For syntax according to the H.265/HEVC standard, the encoder splits thecontent of a frame (or slice or tile) into coding tree units. A codingtree unit (“CTU”) includes luma sample values organized as a luma codingtree block (“CTB”) and corresponding chroma sample values organized astwo chroma CTBs. The size of a CTU (and its CTBs) is selected by theencoder, and can be, for example, 64×64, 32×32 or 16×16 sample values. ACTU includes one or more coding units. A coding unit (“CU”) has a lumacoding block (“CB”) and two corresponding chroma CBs. For example, a CTUwith a 64×64 luma CTB and two 64×64 chroma CTBs (YUV 4:4:4 format) canbe split into four CUs, with each CU including a 32×32 luma CB and two32×32 chroma CBs, and with each CU possibly being split further intosmaller CUs. Or, as another example, a CTU with a 64×64 luma CTB and two32×32 chroma CTBs (YUV 4:2:0 format) can be split into four CUs, witheach CU including a 32×32 luma CB and two 16×16 chroma CBs, and witheach CU possibly being split further into smaller CUs. The smallestallowable size of CU (e.g., 8×8, 16×16) can be signaled in thebitstream.

Generally, a CU has a prediction mode such as inter or intra. A CUincludes one or more prediction units for purposes of signaling ofprediction information (such as prediction mode details, displacementvalues, etc.) and/or prediction processing. A prediction unit (“PU”) hasa luma prediction block (“PB”) and two chroma PBs. For anintra-predicted CU, the PU has the same size as the CU, unless the CUhas the smallest size (e.g., 8×8). In that case, the CU can be splitinto four smaller PUs (e.g., each 4×4 if the smallest CU size is 8×8) orthe PU can have the smallest CU size, as indicated by a syntax elementfor the CU. A CU also has one or more transform units for purposes ofresidual coding/decoding, where a transform unit (“TU”) has a transformblock (“TB”) and two chroma TBs. A PU in an intra-predicted CU maycontain a single TU (equal in size to the PU) or multiple TUs. Theencoder decides how to partition video into CTUs, CUs, PUs, TUs, etc.

In H.265/HEVC implementations, a slice can include a single slicesegment (independent slice segment) or be divided into multiple slicesegments (independent slice segment and one or more dependent slicesegments). A slice segment is an integer number of CTUs orderedconsecutively in a tile scan, contained in a single network abstractionlayer (“NAL”) unit. For an independent slice segment, a slice segmentheader includes values of syntax elements that apply for the independentslice segment. For a dependent slice segment, a truncated slice segmentheader includes a few values of syntax elements that apply for thatdependent slice segment, and the values of the other syntax elements forthe dependent slice segment are inferred from the values for thepreceding independent slice segment in decoding order.

As used herein, the term “block” can indicate a macroblock, predictionunit, residual data unit, or a CB, PB or TB, or some other set of samplevalues, depending on context. In some example implementations, theencoder (340) can switch color spaces, color sampling rates and/or bitdepths on a block-by-block basis during encoding.

Returning to FIG. 3 , the encoder represents an intra-coded block of asource frame (331) in terms of prediction from other, previouslyreconstructed sample values in the frame (331). For intra block copy(“BC”) prediction, an intra-picture estimator estimates displacement ofa block with respect to the other, previously reconstructed samplevalues. An intra-frame prediction reference region is a region of samplevalues in the frame that are used to generate BC-prediction values forthe block. The intra-frame prediction region can be indicated with ablock vector (“By”) value (determined in BV estimation). For intraspatial prediction for a block, the intra-picture estimator estimatesextrapolation of the neighboring reconstructed sample values into theblock. The intra-picture estimator can output prediction information(such as BV values for intra BC prediction, or prediction mode(direction) for intra spatial prediction), which is entropy coded. Anintra-frame prediction predictor applies the prediction information todetermine intra prediction values.

The encoder (340) represents an inter-frame coded, predicted block of asource frame (331) in terms of prediction from reference frames. Amotion estimator estimates the motion of the block with respect to oneor more reference frames (369). When multiple reference frames are used,the multiple reference frames can be from different temporal directionsor the same temporal direction. A motion-compensated predictionreference region is a region of sample values in the reference frame(s)that are used to generate motion-compensated prediction values for ablock of sample values of a current frame. The motion estimator outputsmotion information such as motion vector (“MV”) information, which isentropy coded. A motion compensator applies MVs to reference frames(369) to determine motion-compensated prediction values for inter-frameprediction.

The encoder can determine the differences (if any) between a block'sprediction values (intra or inter) and corresponding original values.These prediction residual values are further encoded using a frequencytransform, quantization and entropy encoding. For example, the encoder(340) sets values for quantization parameter (“QP”) for a picture, tile,slice and/or other portion of video, and quantizes transformcoefficients accordingly. The entropy coder of the encoder (340)compresses quantized transform coefficient values as well as certainside information (e.g., MV information, index values for BV predictors,BV differentials, QP values, mode decisions, parameter choices). Typicalentropy coding techniques include Exponential-Golomb coding, Golomb-Ricecoding, arithmetic coding, differential coding, Huffman coding, runlength coding, variable-length-to-variable-length (“V2V”) coding,variable-length-to-fixed-length (“V2F”) coding, Lempel-Ziv (“LZ”)coding, dictionary coding, probability interval partitioning entropycoding (“PIPE”), and combinations of the above. The entropy coder canuse different coding techniques for different kinds of information, canapply multiple techniques in combination (e.g., by applying Golomb-Ricecoding followed by arithmetic coding), and can choose from amongmultiple code tables within a particular coding technique.

An adaptive deblocking filter is included within the motion compensationloop in the encoder (340) to smooth discontinuities across blockboundary rows and/or columns in a decoded frame. Other filtering (suchas de-ringing filtering, adaptive loop filtering (“ALF”), orsample-adaptive offset (“SAO”) filtering; not shown) can alternativelyor additionally be applied as in-loop filtering operations.

The encoded data produced by the encoder (340) includes syntax elementsfor various layers of bitstream syntax. For syntax according to theH.265/HEVC standard, for example, a picture parameter set (“PPS”) is asyntax structure that contains syntax elements that may be associatedwith a picture. In some example implementations, a PPS can include oneor more signals indicating a color space, color sampling rate and/or bitdepth that apply for a picture (or multiple pictures that use the PPS),as well as other information identifying or defining available colorspaces, available color sampling rates and/or available bit depths. APPS can be used for a single picture, or a PPS can be reused formultiple pictures in a sequence. A PPS is typically signaled separatefrom encoded data for a picture (e.g., one NAL unit for a PPS, and oneor more other NAL units for encoded data for a picture). Within theencoded data for a picture, a syntax element indicates which PPS to usefor the picture. Similarly, for syntax according to the H.265/HEVCstandard, a sequence parameter set (“SPS”) is a syntax structure thatcontains syntax elements that may be associated with a sequence ofpictures. A bitstream can include a single SPS or multiple SPSs. A SPSis typically signaled separate from other data for the sequence, and asyntax element in the other data indicates which SPS to use. In someexample implementations, an SPS for a sequence can include informationidentifying or defining available color spaces, available color samplingrates and/or available bit depths, which is referenced when switchingcolor spaces, color sampling rates and/or bit depths within thesequence.

For slice layer, a slice header (e.g., slice segment header) includesvalues of syntax elements that apply for a slice (e.g., an independentslice segment and any dependent slice segments that follow). In someexample implementations, a slice header can include one or more signalsindicating a color space, color sampling rate and/or bit depth thatapply for a slice. In some example implementations, a slice header canalso include information identifying or defining available color spaces,available color sampling rates and/or available bit depths, which isreferenced when switching color spaces, color sampling rates and/or bitdepths within the slice. For block layer (e.g., for a CTU), a syntaxstructure includes values of syntax elements that apply for a block. Insome example implementations, the syntax structure for a block caninclude one or more signals indicating a color space, color samplingrate and/or bit depth that apply for the block.

The coded frames (341) and MMCO/RPS information (342) (or informationequivalent to the MMCO/RPS information (342), since the dependencies andordering structures for frames are already known at the encoder (340))are processed by a decoding process emulator (350). The decoding processemulator (350) implements some of the functionality of a decoder, forexample, decoding tasks to reconstruct reference frames. In a mannerconsistent with the MMCO/RPS information (342), the decoding processesemulator (350) determines whether a given coded frame (341) needs to bereconstructed and stored for use as a reference frame in inter-frameprediction of subsequent frames to be encoded. If a coded frame (341)needs to be stored, the decoding process emulator (350) models thedecoding process that would be conducted by a decoder that receives thecoded frame (341) and produces a corresponding decoded frame (351). Indoing so, when the encoder (340) has used decoded frame(s) (369) thathave been stored in the decoded frame storage area (360), the decodingprocess emulator (350) also uses the decoded frame(s) (369) from thestorage area (360) as part of the decoding process.

The decoded frame temporary memory storage area (360) includes multipleframe buffer storage areas (361, 362, . . . , 36 n). In a mannerconsistent with the MMCO/RPS information (342), the decoding processemulator (350) manages the contents of the storage area (360) in orderto identify any frame buffers (361, 362, etc.) with frames that are nolonger needed by the encoder (340) for use as reference frames. Aftermodeling the decoding process, the decoding process emulator (350)stores a newly decoded frame (351) in a frame buffer (361, 362, etc.)that has been identified in this manner.

The coded frames (341) and MMCO/RPS information (342) are buffered in atemporary coded data area (370). The coded data that is aggregated inthe coded data area (370) contains, as part of the syntax of anelementary coded video bitstream, encoded data for one or more pictures.The coded data that is aggregated in the coded data area (370) can alsoinclude media metadata relating to the coded video data (e.g., as one ormore parameters in one or more supplemental enhancement information(“SEI”) messages or video usability information (“VUI”) messages).

The aggregated data (371) from the temporary coded data area (370) areprocessed by a channel encoder (380). The channel encoder (380) canpacketize and/or multiplex the aggregated data for transmission orstorage as a media stream (e.g., according to a media program stream ortransport stream format such as ITU-T H.222.0|ISO/IEC 13818-1 or anInternet real-time transport protocol format such as IETF RFC 3550), inwhich case the channel encoder (380) can add syntax elements as part ofthe syntax of the media transmission stream. Or, the channel encoder(380) can organize the aggregated data for storage as a file (e.g.,according to a media container format such as ISO/IEC 14496-12), inwhich case the channel encoder (380) can add syntax elements as part ofthe syntax of the media storage file. Or, more generally, the channelencoder (380) can implement one or more media system multiplexingprotocols or transport protocols, in which case the channel encoder(380) can add syntax elements as part of the syntax of the protocol(s).The channel encoder (380) provides output to a channel (390), whichrepresents storage, a communications connection, or another channel forthe output. The channel encoder (380) or channel (390) may also includeother elements (not shown), e.g., for forward-error correction (“FEC”)encoding and analog signal modulation.

IV. Example Decoder Systems.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an example decoder system (400) inconjunction with which some described embodiments may be implemented.The decoder system (400) can be a general-purpose decoding tool capableof operating in any of multiple decoding modes such as a low-latencydecoding mode for real-time communication and a higher-latency decodingmode for media playback from a file or stream, or it can be aspecial-purpose decoding tool adapted for one such decoding mode. Thedecoder system (400) can be adapted for decoding of a particular type ofcontent (e.g., screen capture content), or it can be adapted fordecoding of any of several different types of content (e.g., screencapture content and natural video). The decoder system (400) can beimplemented as an operating system module, as part of an applicationlibrary or as a standalone application. Overall, the decoder system(400) receives coded data from a channel (410) and producesreconstructed frames as output for an output destination (490). Thecoded data can include content encoded with adaptive switching of colorspaces, color sampling rates and/or bit depths.

The decoder system (400) includes a channel (410), which can representstorage, a communications connection, or another channel for coded dataas input. The channel (410) produces coded data that has been channelcoded. A channel decoder (420) can process the coded data. For example,the channel decoder (420) de-packetizes and/or demultiplexes data thathas been aggregated for transmission or storage as a media stream (e.g.,according to a media program stream or transport stream format such asITU-T H.222.0|ISO/IEC 13818-1 or an internet real-time transportprotocol format such as IETF RFC 3550), in which case the channeldecoder (420) can parse syntax elements added as part of the syntax ofthe media transmission stream. Or, the channel decoder (420) separatescoded video data that has been aggregated for storage as a file (e.g.,according to a media container format such as ISO/IEC 14496-12), inwhich case the channel decoder (420) can parse syntax elements added aspart of the syntax of the media storage file. Or, more generally, thechannel decoder (420) can implement one or more media systemdemultiplexing protocols or transport protocols, in which case thechannel decoder (420) can parse syntax elements added as part of thesyntax of the protocol(s). The channel (410) or channel decoder (420)may also include other elements (not shown), e.g., for FEC decoding andanalog signal demodulation.

The coded data (421) that is output from the channel decoder (420) isstored in a temporary coded data area (430) until a sufficient quantityof such data has been received. The coded data (421) includes codedframes (431) and MMCO/RPS information (432). The coded data (421) in thecoded data area (430) contain, as part of the syntax of an elementarycoded video bitstream, coded data for one or more pictures. The codeddata (421) in the coded data area (430) can also include media metadatarelating to the encoded video data (e.g., as one or more parameters inone or more SEI messages or VUI messages).

In general, the coded data area (430) temporarily stores coded data(421) until such coded data (421) is used by the decoder (450). At thatpoint, coded data for a coded frame (431) and MMCO/RPS information (432)are transferred from the coded data area (430) to the decoder (450). Asdecoding continues, new coded data is added to the coded data area (430)and the oldest coded data remaining in the coded data area (430) istransferred to the decoder (450).

The decoder (450) decodes a coded frame (431) to produce a correspondingdecoded frame (451). As appropriate, when performing its decodingprocess, the decoder (450) may use one or more previously decoded frames(469) as reference frames for inter-frame prediction. The decoder (450)reads such previously decoded frames (469) from a decoded frametemporary memory storage area (460).

During decoding, for different pictures, slices, blocks or other unitsof video, the decoder (450) can perform color space conversions totransform between a YUV-type color space and an RGB-type color space, orto/from some other color space. The decoder (450) can also perform colorspace conversions to reorder color components for different pictures,slices, blocks or other units of video, changing which color componentis the primary component (e.g., converting between RGB, BGR and GBRformats). During decoding, the decoder (450) can also perform resamplingprocessing to change color sampling rates and/or change bit depths fordifferent pictures, slices, blocks or other units of video. In someexample implementations, the decoder (450) can switch color spaces,color sampling rates and/or bit depths on a picture-by-picture basisduring decoding. Alternatively, the decoder (450) can switch colorspaces, color sampling rates and/or bit depths on a slice-by-slice basisor block-by-block basis during decoding.

Generally, the decoder (450) includes multiple decoding modules thatperform decoding tasks such as entropy decoding, adaptation of colorspace, color sampling rate and/or bit depth, intra-frame prediction,motion-compensated inter-frame prediction, inverse quantization, inversefrequency transforms, and merging of tiles. The exact operationsperformed by the decoder (450) can vary depending on compression format.

For example, the decoder (450) receives encoded data for a compressedframe or sequence of frames and produces output including decoded frame(451). In the decoder (450), a buffer receives encoded data for acompressed frame and, at an appropriate time, makes the received encodeddata available to an entropy decoder. The entropy decoder entropydecodes entropy-coded quantized data as well as entropy-coded sideinformation, typically applying the inverse of entropy encodingperformed in the encoder. A motion compensator applies motioninformation to one or more reference frames to form motion-compensatedprediction values for any inter-coded blocks of the frame beingreconstructed. An intra-frame prediction module can spatially predictsample values of a current block from neighboring, previouslyreconstructed sample values or, for intra BC prediction, predict samplevalues of a current block using previously reconstructed sample valuesof an intra-frame prediction reference region in the frame. Thereference region can be indicated with a BV value. The decoder (450)also reconstructs prediction residual values. An inverse quantizerinverse quantizes entropy-decoded data. For example, the decoder (450)sets values for QP for a picture, tile, slice and/or other portion ofvideo based on syntax elements in the bitstream, and inverse quantizestransform coefficients accordingly. An inverse frequency transformerconverts the quantized, frequency-domain data into spatial-domain data.For an inter-frame predicted block, the decoder (450) combinesreconstructed prediction residual values with motion-compensatedprediction values. The decoder (450) can similarly combine predictionresidual values with prediction values from intra prediction. Anadaptive deblocking filter is included within the motion compensationloop in the video decoder (450) to smooth discontinuities across blockboundary rows and/or columns in the decoded frame (451). Other filtering(such as de-ringing filtering, ALF, or SAO filtering; not shown) canalternatively or additionally be applied as in-loop filteringoperations.

The decoded frame temporary memory storage area (460) includes multipleframe buffer storage areas (461, 462, . . . , 46 n). The decoded framestorage area (460) is an example of a decoded picture buffer. Thedecoder (450) uses the MMCO/RPS information (432) to identify a framebuffer (461, 462, etc.) in which it can store a decoded frame (451). Thedecoder (450) stores the decoded frame (451) in that frame buffer.

An output sequencer (480) identifies when the next frame to be producedin output order is available in the decoded frame storage area (460).When the next frame (481) to be produced in output order is available inthe decoded frame storage area (460), it is read by the output sequencer(480) and output to the output destination (490) (e.g., display). Ingeneral, the order in which frames are output from the decoded framestorage area (460) by the output sequencer (480) may differ from theorder in which the frames are decoded by the decoder (450).

V. Example Video Encoders.

FIGS. 5 a and 5 b are a block diagram of a generalized video encoder(500) in conjunction with which some described embodiments may beimplemented. The encoder (500) receives a sequence of video picturesincluding a current picture as an input video signal (505) and producesencoded data in a coded video bitstream (595) as output.

The encoder (500) is block-based and uses a block format that depends onimplementation. Blocks may be further sub-divided at different stages,e.g., at the prediction, frequency transform and/or entropy encodingstages. For example, a picture can be divided into 64×64 blocks, 32×32blocks or 16×16 blocks, which can in turn be divided into smaller blocksof sample values for coding and decoding. In implementations of encodingfor the H.265/HEVC standard, the encoder partitions a picture into CTUs(CTBs), CUs (CBs), PUs (PBs) and TU (TBs).

The encoder (500) compresses pictures using intra-picture coding and/orinter-picture coding. Many of the components of the encoder (500) areused for both intra-picture coding and inter-picture coding. The exactoperations performed by those components can vary depending on the typeof information being compressed.

A tiling module (510) optionally partitions a picture into multipletiles of the same size or different sizes. For example, the tilingmodule (510) splits the picture along tile rows and tile columns that,with picture boundaries, define horizontal and vertical boundaries oftiles within the picture, where each tile is a rectangular region. InH.265/HEVC implementations, the encoder (500) partitions a picture intoone or more slices, where each slice includes one or more slicesegments.

The general encoding control (520) receives pictures for the input videosignal (505) as well as feedback (not shown) from various modules of theencoder (500). Overall, the general encoding control (520) providescontrol signals (not shown) to other modules (such as the tiling module(510), transformer/scaler/quantizer (530), scaler/inverse transformer(535), intra-picture estimator (540), motion estimator (550) andintra/inter switch) to set and change coding parameters during encoding.In particular, the general encoding control (520) can decide how toadaptively switch color spaces, color sampling rates and/or bit depthsduring encoding on a picture-by-picture basis, slice-by-slice basis,block-by-block basis or some other basis. The general encoding control(520) can also evaluate intermediate results during encoding. Thegeneral encoding control (520) produces general control data (522) thatindicates decisions made during encoding, so that a correspondingdecoder can make consistent decisions. The general control data (522) isprovided to the header formatter/entropy coder (590).

If the current picture is predicted using inter-picture prediction, amotion estimator (550) estimates the motion of blocks of sample valuesof the current picture of the input video signal (505) with respect toone or more reference pictures. The decoded picture buffer (570) buffersone or more reconstructed previously coded pictures for use as referencepictures. When multiple reference pictures are used, the multiplereference pictures can be from different temporal directions or the sametemporal direction. The motion estimator (550) produces as sideinformation motion data (552) such as MV data, merge mode index values,and reference picture selection data. The motion data (552) is providedto the header formatter/entropy coder (590) as well as the motioncompensator (555).

The motion compensator (555) applies MVs to the reconstructed referencepicture(s) from the decoded picture buffer (570). The motion compensator(555) produces motion-compensated predictions for the current picture.When the secondary components for a picture have the same resolution asthe primary component (e.g. when the format is YUV 4:4:4 format or RGB4:4:4 format), the MV value that is applied for a secondary componentblock may be the same as the MV value applied for the correspondingprimary component block. On the other hand, when the secondarycomponents for a picture have reduced resolution relative to the primarycomponent (e.g. when the format is YUV 4:2:0 format), the MV value thatis applied for a secondary component block may be scaled down andpossibly rounded to adjust for the difference in resolution (e.g. bydividing the vertical and horizontal components of the MV value by twoand truncating or rounding them to integer values).

In a separate path within the encoder (500), an intra-picture estimator(540) determines how to perform intra-picture prediction for blocks ofsample values of a current picture of the input video signal (505). Thecurrent picture can be entirely or partially coded using intra-picturecoding. Using values of a reconstruction (538) of the current picture,for intra spatial prediction, the intra-picture estimator (540)determines how to spatially predict sample values of a current block ofthe current picture from neighboring, previously reconstructed samplevalues of the current picture. Or, for intra BC prediction using BVvalues, the intra-picture estimator (540) estimates displacement of thesample values of the current block to different candidate referenceregions within the current picture. In FIG. 5 b , the candidatereference regions include reconstructed sample values. Alternatively,for purposes of BV estimation, the candidate reference regions caninclude input sample values.

The intra-picture estimator (540) produces as side information intraprediction data (542), such as information indicating whether intraprediction uses spatial prediction or intra BC prediction (e.g., a flagvalue per intra block), prediction mode direction (for intra spatialprediction), and BV values (for intra BC prediction). The intraprediction data (542) is provided to the header formatter/entropy coder(590) as well as the intra-picture predictor (545).

According to the intra prediction data (542), the intra-picturepredictor (545) spatially predicts sample values of a current block ofthe current picture from neighboring, previously reconstructed samplevalues of the current picture. Or, for intra BC prediction, theintra-picture predictor (545) predicts the sample values of the currentblock using previously reconstructed sample values of an intra-pictureprediction reference region, which is indicated by a BV value for thecurrent block. In some cases, the BV value can be a BV predictor(predicted BV value). In other cases, the BV value can be different thanits predicted BV value, in which case a BV differential indicates thedifference between the predicted BV value and BV value. When thesecondary components for a picture have the same resolution as theprimary component (e.g. when the format is YUV 4:4:4 format or RGB 4:4:4format), the BV value that is applied for a secondary component blockmay be the same as the BV value applied for the corresponding primarycomponent block. On the other hand, when the secondary components for apicture have reduced resolution relative to the primary component (e.g.when the format is YUV 4:2:0 format), the BV value that is applied for asecondary component block may be scaled down and possibly rounded toadjust for the difference in resolution (e.g. by dividing the verticaland horizontal components of the BV value by two and truncating orrounding them to integer values).

The intra/inter switch selects whether the prediction (558) for a givenblock will be a motion-compensated prediction or intra-pictureprediction. The difference (if any) between a block of the prediction(558) and a corresponding part of the original current picture of theinput video signal (505) provides values of the residual (518), for anon-skip-mode block. During reconstruction of the current picture, for anon-skip-mode block, reconstructed residual values are combined with theprediction (558) to produce an approximate or exact reconstruction (538)of the original content from the video signal (505). (In lossycompression, some information is lost from the video signal (505).)

In the transformer/scaler/quantizer (530), a frequency transformerconverts spatial-domain video information into frequency-domain (i.e.,spectral, transform) data. For block-based video coding, the frequencytransformer applies a discrete cosine transform (“DCT”), an integerapproximation thereof, or another type of forward block transform (e.g.,a discrete sine transform or an integer approximation thereof) to blocksof prediction residual data (or sample value data if the prediction(558) is null), producing blocks of frequency transform coefficients.The encoder (500) may also be able to indicate that such transform stepis skipped. The scaler/quantizer scales and quantizes the transformcoefficients. For example, the quantizer applies dead-zone scalarquantization to the frequency-domain data with a quantization step sizethat varies on a picture-by-picture basis, tile-by-tile basis,slice-by-slice basis, block-by-block basis, frequency-specific basis orother basis. The quantized transform coefficient data (532) is providedto the header formatter/entropy coder (590).

In the scaler/inverse transformer (535), a scaler/inverse quantizerperforms inverse scaling and inverse quantization on the quantizedtransform coefficients. An inverse frequency transformer performs aninverse frequency transform, producing blocks of reconstructedprediction residual values or sample values. For a non-skip-mode block,the encoder (500) combines reconstructed residual values with values ofthe prediction (558) (e.g., motion-compensated prediction values,intra-picture prediction values) to form the reconstruction (538). For askip-mode block, the encoder (500) uses the values of the prediction(558) as the reconstruction (538).

For intra-picture prediction, the values of the reconstruction (538) canbe fed back to the intra-picture estimator (540) and intra-picturepredictor (545). Also, the values of the reconstruction (538) can beused for motion-compensated prediction of subsequent pictures. Thevalues of the reconstruction (538) can be further filtered. A filteringcontrol (560) determines how to perform deblock filtering and SAOfiltering on values of the reconstruction (538), for a given picture ofthe video signal (505). The filtering control (560) produces filtercontrol data (562), which is provided to the header formatter/entropycoder (590) and merger/filter(s) (565).

In the merger/filter(s) (565), the encoder (500) merges content fromdifferent tiles into a reconstructed version of the picture. The encoder(500) selectively performs deblock filtering and SAO filtering accordingto the filter control data (562), so as to adaptively smoothdiscontinuities across boundaries in the pictures. Other filtering (suchas de-ringing filtering or ALF; not shown) can alternatively oradditionally be applied. Tile boundaries can be selectively filtered ornot filtered at all, depending on settings of the encoder (500), and theencoder (500) may provide syntax within the coded bitstream to indicatewhether or not such filtering was applied. The decoded picture buffer(570) buffers the reconstructed current picture for use in subsequentmotion-compensated prediction.

The header formatter/entropy coder (590) formats and/or entropy codesthe general control data (522), quantized transform coefficient data(532), intra prediction data (542), motion data (552) and filter controldata (562). The general control data (522) includes signals indicatingcolor spaces, color sampling rates and/or bit depths for pictures,slice, blocks, or other units of the video. Such signals can beincluded, for example, in a PPS, slice header, block syntax structure orother syntax structure, and can be entropy coded or signaled as fixedlength values. The header formatter/entropy coder (590) can also formatand/or entropy code information identifying or defining available colorspaces (e.g., list of pre-defined color spaces, custom matrices forcolor space transformation operations), information identifying ordefining available color sampling rates (e.g., list of pre-defined colorsampling rates, other color sampling rates, or identification ofoperations for downsampling and upsampling) and/or informationidentifying or defining available bit depths (e.g., list of pre-definedbit depths, other bit depths, or identification of operations for bitdepth conversion), which is usable by a decoder during adaptiveswitching.

The header formatter/entropy coder (590) provides the encoded data inthe coded video bitstream (595). The format of the coded video bitstream(595) can be a variation or extension of H.265/HEVC format, WindowsMedia Video format, VC-1 format, MPEG-x format (e.g., MPEG-1, MPEG-2, orMPEG-4), H.26x format (e.g., H.261, H.262, H.263, H.264), or anotherformat.

Depending on implementation and the type of compression desired, modulesof an encoder (500) can be added, omitted, split into multiple modules,combined with other modules, and/or replaced with like modules. Inalternative embodiments, encoders with different modules and/or otherconfigurations of modules perform one or more of the describedtechniques. Specific embodiments of encoders typically use a variationor supplemented version of the encoder (500). The relationships shownbetween modules within the encoder (500) indicate general flows ofinformation in the encoder; other relationships are not shown for thesake of simplicity.

VI. Example Video Decoders.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a generalized decoder (600) in conjunctionwith which some described embodiments may be implemented. The decoder(600) receives encoded data in a coded video bitstream (605) andproduces output including pictures for reconstructed video (695). Theformat of the coded video bitstream (605) can be a variation orextension of H.265/HEVC format, Windows Media Video format, VC-1 format,MPEG-x format (e.g., MPEG-1, MPEG-2, or MPEG-4), H.26x format (e.g.,H.261, H.262, H.263, H.264), or another format.

The decoder (600) is block-based and uses a block format that depends onimplementation. Blocks may be further sub-divided at different stages.For example, a picture can be divided into 64×64 blocks, 32×32 blocks or16×16 blocks, which can in turn be divided into smaller blocks of samplevalues. In implementations of decoding for the H.265/HEVC standard, apicture is partitioned into CTUs (CTBs), CUs (CBs), PUs (PBs) and TU(TBs).

The decoder (600) decompresses pictures using intra-picture decodingand/or inter-picture decoding. Many of the components of the decoder(600) are used for both intra-picture decoding and inter-picturedecoding. The exact operations performed by those components can varydepending on the type of information being decompressed.

A buffer receives encoded data in the coded video bitstream (605) andmakes the received encoded data available to the parser/entropy decoder(610). The parser/entropy decoder (610) entropy decodes entropy-codeddata, typically applying the inverse of entropy coding performed in theencoder (500) (e.g., context-adaptive binary arithmetic decoding). As aresult of parsing and entropy decoding, the parser/entropy decoder (610)produces general control data (622), quantized transform coefficientdata (632), intra prediction data (642), motion data (652) and filtercontrol data (662). The general control data (622) includes signalsindicating color spaces, color sampling rates and/or bit depths forpictures, slice, blocks, or other units of video. Such signals can beincluded, for example, in a PPS, slice header, block syntax structure orother syntax structure, and can be entropy coded or signaled as fixedlength values. The parser/entropy decoder (610) can also parse and/orentropy decode information identifying or defining available colorspaces (e.g., list of pre-defined color spaces, custom matrices forcolor space transformation operations), information identifying ordefining available color sampling rates (e.g., list of pre-defined colorsampling rates, other color sampling rates, or identification ofoperations for downsampling and upsampling) and/or informationidentifying or defining available bit depths (e.g., list of pre-definedbit depths, other bit depths, or identification of operations for bitdepth conversion), which is usable by the decoder (600) during adaptiveswitching.

The general decoding control (620) receives the general control data(622) and provides control signals (not shown) to other modules (such asthe scaler/inverse transformer (635), intra-picture predictor (645),motion compensator (655) and intra/inter switch) to set and changedecoding parameters during decoding. In particular, the general decodingcontrol (620) can cause the decoder (600) to switch color spaces, colorsampling rates and/or bit depths during decoding on a picture-by-picturebasis, slice-by-slice basis, block-by-block basis or some other basis.

If the current picture is predicted using inter-picture prediction, amotion compensator (655) receives the motion data (652), such as MVdata, reference picture selection data and merge mode index values. Themotion compensator (655) applies MVs to the reconstructed referencepicture(s) from the decoded picture buffer (670). The motion compensator(655) produces motion-compensated predictions for inter-coded blocks ofthe current picture. The decoded picture buffer (670) stores one or morepreviously reconstructed pictures for use as reference pictures.

In a separate path within the decoder (600), the intra-pictureprediction predictor (645) receives the intra prediction data (642),such as information indicating whether intra prediction uses spatialprediction or intra BC prediction (e.g., a flag value per intra block),prediction mode direction (for intra spatial prediction), and BV values(for intra BC prediction). For intra spatial prediction, using values ofa reconstruction (638) of the current picture, according to predictionmode data, the intra-picture predictor (645) spatially predicts samplevalues of a current block of the current picture from neighboring,previously reconstructed sample values of the current picture. Or, forintra BC prediction using BV values, the intra-picture predictor (645)predicts the sample values of the current block using previouslyreconstructed sample values of an intra-picture prediction referenceregion, which is indicated by a BV value for the current block.

The intra/inter switch selects whether the prediction (658) for a givenblock is a motion-compensated prediction or intra-picture prediction.For example, when H.265/HEVC syntax is followed, the intra/inter switchcan be controlled based on a syntax element encoded for a CU of apicture that can contain intra-predicted CUs and inter-predicted CUs.For a non-skip-mode block, the decoder (600) combines the prediction(658) with reconstructed residual values to produce the reconstruction(638) of the content from the video signal. For a skip-mode block, thedecoder (600) uses the values of the prediction (658) as thereconstruction (638).

To reconstruct the residual for a non-skip-mode block, thescaler/inverse transformer (635) receives and processes the quantizedtransform coefficient data (632). In the scaler/inverse transformer(635), a scaler/inverse quantizer performs inverse scaling and inversequantization on the quantized transform coefficients. An inversefrequency transformer performs an inverse frequency transform, producingblocks of reconstructed prediction residual values or sample values. Forexample, the inverse frequency transformer applies an inverse blocktransform to frequency transform coefficients, producing sample valuedata or prediction residual data. The inverse frequency transform can bean inverse DCT, an integer approximation thereof, or another type ofinverse frequency transform (e.g., an inverse discrete sine transform oran integer approximation thereof).

For intra-picture prediction, the values of the reconstruction (638) canbe fed back to the intra-picture predictor (645). For inter-pictureprediction, the values of the reconstruction (638) can be furtherfiltered. In the merger/filter(s) (665), the decoder (600) mergescontent from different tiles into a reconstructed version of thepicture. The decoder (600) selectively performs deblock filtering andSAO filtering according to the filter control data (662) and rules forfilter adaptation, so as to adaptively smooth discontinuities acrossboundaries in the pictures. Other filtering (such as de-ringingfiltering or ALF; not shown) can alternatively or additionally beapplied. Tile boundaries can be selectively filtered or not filtered atall, depending on settings of the decoder (600) or a syntax indicationwithin the encoded bitstream data. The decoded picture buffer (670)buffers the reconstructed current picture for use in subsequentmotion-compensated prediction.

The decoder (600) can also include a post-processing filter. Thepost-processing filter (608) can include de-ringing filtering, adaptiveWiener filtering, film-grain reproduction filtering, SAO filtering oranother kind of filtering.

Depending on implementation and the type of decompression desired,modules of a decoder (600) can be added, omitted, split into multiplemodules, combined with other modules, and/or replaced with like modules.In alternative embodiments, decoders with different modules and/or otherconfigurations of modules perform one or more of the describedtechniques. Specific embodiments of decoders typically use a variationor supplemented version of the decoder (600). The relationships shownbetween modules within the decoder (600) indicate general flows ofinformation in the decoder; other relationships are not shown for thesake of simplicity.

VII. Adaptively Switching Color Spaces, Color Sampling Rates and/or BitDepths.

During encoding, an encoder may treat a primary color component morecarefully than secondary color components in various respects (e.g.,more options for coding modes, potentially lower quantization stepsize). Also, by sub-sampling secondary color components, an encoder canallocate relatively more bits (and hence quality) to the primary colorcomponent.

The sample values of different pictures, slices or blocks of a videosequence may have different statistical characteristics. These differentstatistical characteristics can affect the efficiency of encoding, whichcan be measured in terms of rate-distortion performance (lower or higherquality for a given bit rate; or lower or higher bit rate for a givenquality).

This section presents various features of adaptive encoding and decodingfor units of a video sequence. A unit can be a picture, slice, block orother portion of the video sequence. For example, some of the featuresrelate to encoding/decoding that includes adaptive switching of colorspaces between units within a video sequence. Other features relateencoding/decoding that includes adaptive switching of color samplingrates between units within a video sequence. Still other features relateencoding/decoding that includes adaptive switching of bit depths betweenunits within a video sequence. These features can improve codingefficiency in many scenarios, and can be used in combination orseparately.

In particular, adaptive switching of color spaces, color sampling ratesand/or bit depths can improve rate-distortion performance when encodingcertain “artificially” created video content such as screen-capturecontent, or when encoding a mix of natural video andartificially-created video content. Common scenarios forencoding/decoding of screen-capture content include remote desktopconferencing and encoding/decoding of graphical overlays on naturalvideo or other “mixed content” video.

A. Types of Video.

In general, screen capture video represents the output of a computerscreen or other display. FIG. 7 shows a computer desktop environment(710) with content that may provide input for screen capture. Forexample, screen capture video can represent a series of images of theentire computer desktop (711). Or, screen capture video can represent aseries of images for one of the windows of the computer desktopenvironment, such as the app window (713) including game content,browser window (712) with Web page content or window (714) with wordprocessor content.

As computer-generated, artificially-created video content, screencapture content tends to have relatively few discrete sample values,compared to natural video content that is captured using a video camera.For example, a region of screen capture content often includes a singleuniform color, whereas a region in natural video content more likelyincludes colors that gradually vary. Also, screen capture contenttypically includes distinct structures (e.g., graphics, text characters)that are exactly repeated from frame-to-frame, even if the content maybe spatially displaced (e.g., due to scrolling). Screen capture contentis often encoded in a format (e.g., YUV 4:4:4 or RGB 4:4:4) with highchroma sampling resolution, although it may also be encoded in a formatwith lower chroma sampling resolution (e.g., YUV 4:2:0, YUV 4:2:2).

FIG. 8 shows composite video (820) that includes natural video (821) andartificially-created video content. The artificially-created videocontent includes a graphic (822) beside the natural video (821) andticker (823) running below the natural video (821). Like the screencapture content shown in FIG. 7 , the artificially-created video contentshown in FIG. 8 tends to have relatively few discrete sample values. Italso tends to have distinct structures (e.g., graphics, text characters)that are exactly repeated from frame-to-frame (e.g., due to scrolling).

B. Examples of Adaptive Switching.

For adaptive switching of color spaces, different units of video in asequence are encoded in different color spaces. For example, some of theunits are encoded in a YUV-type color space (e.g., YCbCr, YCoCg), andother units are encoded in an RGB-type color space (e.g., RGB, BGR,GBR). In this case, an encoder or decoder, as appropriate, performscolor space transformation operations on sample values to switch betweena YUV-type color space and an RGB-type color space. Typically, colorspace transformation operations can be represented as matrixmultiplication operations performed on a position-by-position basis,where n sample values in a first color space for a position aremultiplied by an n×n matrix to produce n sample values in a second colorspace for the position. In practice, color space transformationoperations can be implemented using other arithmetic.

As another example of adaptive switching of color spaces, differentunits can be encoded in different RGB-type color spaces, which differ interms of their primary component and the order that components aresignaled (e.g., for residual data). In this case, an encoder or decoder,as appropriate, performs color space reordering operations on blocks orplanes of sample values to change which color component is the primarycolor component.

In some example implementations, for lossy coding, an encoder can switchbetween any of the different color spaces. For lossless coding, however,an encoder only performs invertible color space conversions (e.g.,reordering color components between RGB, BGR and GBR color spaces, or,in some implementations, conversion to/from YCoCg using an increasedintermediate bit depth).

For adaptive switching of color sampling rates, different units of videoin a sequence are encoded with different color sampling rates. Forexample, some of the units are encoded in a 4:2:2 or 4:2:0 format (suchas YUV 4:2:2 or YUV 4:2:0), while other units are encoded in a 4:4:4format (such as YUV 4:4:4). An RGB-type color space usually has a colorsampling rate of 4:4:4, but its color components can instead besub-sampled according to a color sampling rate of 4:2:2 or 4:2:0.

When downsampling sample values for a secondary component horizontallyor vertically, an encoder or decoder can perform simple sub-sampling,low-pass filtering plus sub-sampling, or other filtering plussub-sampling. For corresponding upsampling of the sample values of thesecondary component, an encoder or decoder reverses the sub-samplingusing, e.g., sample value repetition and/or filtering.

For adaptive switching of bit depths, different units of video in asequence are encoded with different bit depths. For example, some of theunits are encoded with 12-bit sample values, while other units areencoded with 10-bit sample values or 8-bit sample values. Whenconverting between bit depths, an encoder or decoder can truncatehigher-bit-depth sample values (with or without addition of a roundingfactor) to produce lower-bit-depth sample values, or scalelower-bit-depth sample values to produce higher-bit-depth sample values.

An encoder typically receives input video in a given format such as RGB4:4:4 with 12-bit sample values. The encoder can convert between theinput format and another format (with a different color space, differentcolor sampling rate and/or different bit depth) for a given unit of thevideo. Color space adaptation can be performed at picture-level,slice-level, block-level or some other level, by itself or incombination with color sampling rate adaptation and/or bit depthadaptation. Similarly, color sampling rate adaptation can be performedat picture-level, slice-level, block-level or some other level, byitself or in combination with color space adaptation and/or bit depthadaptation. Bit depth adaptation can be performed at picture-level,slice-level, block-level or some other level, by itself or incombination with color space adaptation and/or color sampling rateadaptation.

FIG. 9 shows picture-adaptive color spaces, color sampling rates and/orbit depths for pictures in a sequence (900). The sequence (900) includesa series of pictures. As needed, the encoder converts input video fromthe input video format to the format selected for a given picture. Theformat of picture 1 is YCbCr 4:2:0 with 8-bit sample values, and theformat of picture 2 is RGB 4:4:4 with 8-bit sample values. Pictures 3and 4 are BGR 4:4:4 video, but their sample values have different bitdepths.

FIG. 10 shows slice-adaptive color spaces, color sampling rates and/orbit depths for slices of a picture (1000) in a sequence. The picture(1000) includes five slices, whose boundaries are shown in dashed lines.For example, slices 0, 1, 3 and 4 could be associated with screencapture content or other artificially-created video content, while slice2 is associated with natural video content. The format of slices 0 and 3is BGR 4:4:4 with 10-bit sample values. Slice 1 includes 12-bit samplevalues of GBR 4:4:4 video. The format of slice 2 is YCbCr 4:2:0 with8-bit sample values, and the format of slice 4 is RGB 4:4:4 with 8-bitsample values.

FIG. 11 shows block-adaptive color spaces, color sampling rates and/orbit depths for blocks of a slice (1100) of a picture in a sequence. Theslice (1100) includes 16 blocks having three different block sizes. Theformat of the first two blocks is YCbCr 4:2:0 with 8-bit sample values,and the format of the last block is YCbCr 4:2:0 with 10-bit samplevalues. Blocks 2-15 include 12-bit sample values in an RGB-type colorspace with a sampling rate of 4:4:4. The color space for blocks 2-15varies between RGB, BGR and GBR.

C. Examples of Adaptive Switching During Encoding.

FIG. 12 shows a generalized technique (1200) for adaptively switchingcolor spaces, color sampling rates and/or bit depths during encoding. Animage encoder or video encoder such as one described with reference toFIG. 3 or FIGS. 5 a-5 b can perform the technique (1200).

The encoder encodes (1210) video in a sequence. As part of the encoding,the encoder switches color spaces, color sampling rates and/or bitdepths between at least some units of the video within the sequenceduring the encoding. The encoder can switch color spaces, color samplingrates and/or bit depths spatially within a picture. The encoder can alsoswitch color spaces, color sampling rates and/or bit depths temporallyfrom picture-to-picture. For purposes of adaptive switching, the unitsof the video can be pictures of the sequence, slices of a given pictureof the sequence, blocks of a given picture of the sequence, or otherportions of the video sequence.

For example, the switching can include changing between two of the colorspaces using color space transformation operations. For color spacetransformation operations, the color spaces can include at least oneYUV-type color space and at least one RGB-type color space. Or, asanother example, the switching can include changing between two of thecolor spaces using color space reordering operations. For color spacereordering operations, the color spaces can include multiple RGB-typecolor spaces. Alternatively, the color spaces include other and/oradditional color spaces.

Or, as another example, the switching can include changing between twoof the color sampling rates. The color sampling rates can include two ormore of 4:4:4, 4:2:2, 4:2:0 and 4:0:0. Alternatively, the color samplingrates include other and/or additional color sampling rates.

Or, as another example, the switching can include changing between twoof the bit depths. The bit depths can include two or more of 12 bits persample, 10 bits per sample and 8 bits per sample. Different colorcomponents of a given unit of the video can have the same bit depth ordifferent bit depths. Alternatively, the bit depths include other and/oradditional bit depths.

During encoding, the encoder can predict the sample values of a currentblock in a current picture based at least in part on a set of samplevalues of previously reconstructed content. For intra-pictureprediction, the set of sample values is part of the current picture. Forinter-picture prediction, the set of sample values is part of areference picture. When the sample values of the current block and theset of sample values of previously reconstructed content are indifferent formats, the encoder can perform conversion operations tofacilitate the prediction. Examples of such conversion operations aredescribed in section VILE.

During encoding, the encoder can also perform adaptive in-loopdeblocking for previously reconstructed content according to one or morerules. The rule(s) can account for different color spaces of twoadjacent blocks within the previously reconstructed content. Examples ofrules for adaptive deblocking are described in section VII.F.

The encoder outputs (1220) encoded data in a bitstream. The encoded dataincludes one or more signals indicating how the color spaces, the colorsampling rates and/or the bit depths switch between the at least someunits of the video within the sequence. Examples of syntax elements forthe one or more signals are described in section VII.D.

FIG. 13 shows a more detailed technique (1300) for adaptively switchingcolor spaces, color sampling rates and/or bit depths during encoding. Animage encoder or video encoder such as one described with reference toFIG. 3 or FIGS. 5 a-5 b can perform the technique (1300). In particular,FIG. 13 shows unit-by-unit decisions made by the encoder, but otherwiseoptions for encoding are as described with reference to FIG. 12 .

The encoder gets (1310) the next unit (e.g., picture, slice, block) andsets (1320) the color space, color sampling rate and/or bit depth forthe unit. As needed, the encoder converts sample values to another colorspace, color sampling rate and/or bit depth set for the unit, thenencodes (1330) the unit. The encoder outputs (1340) encoded data for theunit, including one or more signals that indicate the color space, colorsampling rate and/or bit depth for the unit. The encoder checks (1350)whether to continue with the next unit and, if so, gets (1310) the nextunit.

C. Examples of Adaptive Switching During Decoding.

FIG. 14 shows a generalized technique (1400) for adaptively switchingcolor spaces, color sampling rates and/or bit depths during decoding. Animage decoder or video decoder such as one described with reference toFIG. 4 or FIG. 6 can perform the technique (1400).

The decoder receives (1410) encoded data in a bitstream. The encodeddata includes one or more signals that indicate how color spaces, colorsampling rates and/or bit depths switch between at least some units ofvideo within a sequence. Examples of syntax elements for the one or moresignals are described in section VII.D.

The decoder decodes (1420) video in the sequence. As part of thedecoding, the decoder switches color spaces, color sampling rates and/orbit depths between at least some units of the video within the sequenceduring the decoding. The decoder can switch color spaces, color samplingrates and/or bit depths spatially within a picture. The decoder can alsoswitch color spaces, color sampling rates and/or bit depths temporallyfrom picture-to-picture. For purposes of adaptive switching, the unitsof the video can be pictures of the sequence, slices of a given pictureof the sequence, blocks of a given picture of the sequence, or otherportions of the video sequence

For example, the switching can include changing between two of the colorspaces using color space transformation operations. For color spacetransformation operations, the color spaces can include at least oneYUV-type color space and at least one RGB-type color space. Or, asanother example, the switching can include changing between two of thecolor spaces using color space reordering operations. For color spacereordering operations, the color spaces can include multiple RGB-typecolor spaces. Alternatively, the color spaces include other and/oradditional color spaces.

Or, as another example, the switching can include changing between twoof the color sampling rates. The color sampling rates can include two ormore of 4:4:4, 4:2:2, 4:2:0 and 4:0:0. Alternatively, the color samplingrates include other and/or additional color sampling rates.

Or, as another example, the switching can include changing between twoof the bit depths. The bit depths can include two or more of 12 bits persample, 10 bits per sample and 8 bits per sample. Different colorcomponents of a given unit of the video can have the same bit depth ordifferent bit depths. Alternatively, the bit depths include other and/oradditional bit depths.

During decoding, the decoder can predict the sample values of a currentblock in a current picture based at least in part on a set of samplevalues of previously reconstructed content. For intra-pictureprediction, the set of sample values is part of the current picture. Forinter-picture prediction, the set of sample values is part of areference picture. When the sample values of the current block and theset of sample values of previously reconstructed content are indifferent formats, the decoder can perform conversion operations tofacilitate the prediction. Examples of such conversion operations aredescribed in section VII.E.

During decoding, the decoder can also perform adaptive in-loopdeblocking for previously reconstructed content according to one or morerules. The rule(s) can account for different color spaces of twoadjacent blocks within the previously reconstructed content. Examples ofrules for adaptive deblocking are described in section VII.F.

FIG. 15 shows a more detailed technique (1500) for adaptively switchingcolor spaces, color sampling rates and/or bit depths during decoding. Animage decoder or video decoder such as one described with reference toFIG. 4 or FIG. 6 can perform the technique (1500). In particular, FIG.15 shows unit-by-unit decisions made by the decoder, but otherwiseoptions for decoding are as described with reference to FIG. 14 .

The decoder gets (1510) encoded data for the next unit (e.g., picture,slice, block). The encoded data includes one or more signals thatindicate the color space, color sampling rate and/or bit depth for theunit. The decoder determines (1520) the color space, color sampling rateand/or bit depth for the unit. The decoder decodes (1530) the unit,converting sample values, as needed, from the color space, colorsampling rate and/or bit depth set for the unit. The decoder checks(1540) whether to continue with the next unit and, if so, gets (1510)encoded data for the next unit.

D. Examples of Signaling of Adaptive Switching Information.

This section describes examples of signals that indicate how colorspaces, color sampling rates and/or bit depths switch between at leastsome units of video within a sequence. In general, a signal in thebitstream indicates a selection between two or more options forencoding/decoding a unit. For color space adaptation, the signalindicates a selection between two or more color spaces used whenencoding/decoding a unit. For color sampling rate adaptation, the signalindicates a selection between two or more color sampling rates used whenencoding/decoding a unit. For bit depth adaptation, the signal indicatesa selection between two or more bit depths used when encoding/decoding aunit. Different bit depths can be signaled for different colorcomponents of a unit.

The signal can be a flag value for a given unit, indicating a selectionbetween two options for color spaces (or color sampling rates, or bitdepths) for encoding/decoding the given unit. Or, the signal can be someother syntax element for a given unit (or multiple flags for the givenunit), indicating a selection between three or more options for colorspaces (or color sampling rates, or bit depths) for encoding/decodingthe given unit.

The signal for a given unit can be present at any of various levels ofbitstream syntax. For picture-by-picture adaptation, for example, asyntax element indicating a selection of a color space (or colorsampling rate, or bit depth) can be part of a PPS. Or, forslice-by-slice adaptation, a syntax element indicating a selection of acolor space (or color sampling rate, or bit depth) can be part of aslice header. Or, for block-by-block adaptation, a syntax elementindicating a selection of color space (or color sampling rate, or bitdepth) can be part of a syntax structure for a block (e.g., CU syntaxstructure). In general, picture-by-picture adaptation is less flexiblethan slice-by-slice adaptation or block-by-block adaptation, but usesfewer signaling bits. Block-by-block adaption uses more signaling bitsthat slice-by-slice adaptation, but is more flexible.

The signal for a given unit can be entropy coded, e.g., using CABAC, orformatted as a fixed length value. The signal for a given unit can bepredictively coded. In this case, a delta value for a parameter for thegiven unit represents a difference between an actual value of theparameter and its predictor. The predictor can be a value of theparameter signaled at a higher syntax level (e.g., as part of an SPS oras another sequence layer parameter). For example, a bit depth value fora current block or slice can be signaled as a delta value relative to anSPS-specified bit depth. Or, the predictor can be based on one or moreactual values of the parameter for one or more previous units of thevideo (e.g., the actual value of the parameter for the last coded unit,or a median of actual values of the parameter in a neighborhood aroundthe given unit). For example, the bit depth for a current block can besignaled as a delta value relative to the bit depth of the previouscoded block.

The encoded data can also include information identifying or definingthe available color spaces, information identifying or defining theavailable color sampling rates, and/or information identifying ordefining the available bit depths. Such information can be signaled aspart of an SPS, PPS, slice header or other structure of bitstreamsyntax. The available color spaces, color sampling rates or bit depthscan be selected from among pre-defined options known to the encoder andthe decoder. Or, an encoder can specify a custom color space (or colorsampling rate, or bit depth) in the encoded data, for use by the encoderand decoder. For example, the information can include a matrix of valuesusable for color space transformation operations between two of thecolor spaces. Specifying a custom option uses more bits but is moreflexible than identifying a set of pre-defined options. Anotherpossibility is to use the pre-defined options known to the encoder andthe decoder, without any identifying information signaled as part of anSPS, PPS, slice header, etc. This uses no bits for extra information butmay lead to less efficient coding of signals when many of the optionsare not used at all during encoding for a sequence.

The information identifying or defining the available color spaces (orcolor sampling rates, or bit depths) is used in conjunction with thesignals that indicate selections of options for the units of the video.For example, an SPS can include information identifying available colorspaces and which color space conversions are permitted for a sequence,and a syntax element per PPS (or slice header, or block syntaxstructure) indicates a selection from the specified roster of availablecolor spaces. Or, a slice header can include information identifyingavailable color sampling rates, and a syntax element per block syntaxstructure indicates a selection from the specified roster of availablecolor sampling rates. Or, some combination of the preceding variationscan be used. For example, an SPS can indicate a roster of pre-definedcolor spaces, with a PPS or slice header including a selection of one ofthe pre-defined color spaces or including information for a custom colorspace.

In some example implementations, additional rules apply for CU-levelsignaling of color space indicators. If the current CU is anintra-spatial-predicted CU, a color space indicator can be signaled aspart of a CU syntax structure. If the current CU is anintra-BC-predicted CU or inter-picture-predicted CU, a color spaceindicator can be signaled as part of a CU syntax structure when there isa residual, but color space conversions that only involve reordering(e.g., between RGB, BGR and GBR) are not allowed. In this context, suchcolor space conversions do not improve performance, and bits spentsignaling how to reorder color components would be wasted.

E. Examples of Conversion Operations for Prediction.

During encoding or decoding, an encoder or decoder may predict thesample values of a current block in a current picture based at least inpart on a set of sample values of previously reconstructed content. Forintra-picture prediction, the set of sample values is part of thecurrent picture (e.g., sample values at spatially adjacent positions forintra spatial prediction, or reconstructed sample values of previousblocks for intra BC prediction). For inter-picture prediction, the setof sample values is part of a reference picture. If the sample values ofthe current block and the set of sample values of previouslyreconstructed content are in different formats, the encoder or decoderperforms conversion operations to facilitate prediction of the samplevalues of the current block.

For example, if the set of sample values of previously reconstructedcontent is in the GBR color space, and the current block is encoded inthe YCbCr color space, the encoder or decoder can convert the set ofsample values of previously reconstructed content to the YCbCr colorspace before intra-picture prediction or inter-picture prediction usingthe set of converted sample values.

To simplify implementation, the encoder and decoder can store samplevalues of previously reconstructed content in a “main” format. The mainformat provides a common representation for reconstructed content in aparticular color space, with a particular color sampling rate and samplevalues having a particular bit depth. Depending on implementation, themain format can be GBR 4:4:4 with 12-bit sample values, YUV 4:4:4 with12-bit sample values, or some other combination of color space, colorsampling rate and bit depth. The main format is pre-defined for theencoder and the decoder. Alternatively, the main format can be specifiedby a signal in the bitstream, indicating a color space, color samplingrate and/or bit depth for storage of reconstructed content. The mainformat can be selected, for example, to be the most common encodingformat for units of a video sequence, so as to avoid conversionoperations in many cases. Using GBR 4:4:4 with 12-bit sample values asthe main format can be efficient for screen capture content when colorspace switching is common but color sampling rate switching is rare.Using YUV 4:4:4 with 12-bit sample values as the main format can beefficient when color space switching and color sampling rate switchingare both common.

FIG. 16 shows a technique (1600) for prediction of sample values of ablock encoded in one format from a set of sample values of previouslyreconstructed content in a different format. An encoder or decoder canperform the technique (1600) during encoding or decoding.

To start, the encoder or decoder gets (1610) a set of sample values ofpreviously reconstructed content that will be used for prediction of thesample values of a current block of a current picture. The set of samplevalues can be part of the current picture or a reference picture,depending on the type of prediction.

The sample values of previously reconstructed content are stored in afirst format (e.g., main format). The encoder or decoder checks (1620)whether the current block is encoded in the first format. Moregenerally, the encoder or decoder evaluates whether the set of samplevalues of the previously reconstructed content and the sample values ofthe current block are in different formats.

If the current block is encoded in the first format (e.g., main format),the encoder or decoder need not perform conversion operations beforeprediction. The encoder or decoder predicts (1640) sample values of thecurrent block using the set of sample values of previously reconstructedcontent. During encoding, the encoder may then generate, encode andreconstruct (1650) residual values. During decoding, the decoder mayreconstruct (1650) residual values. The encoder or decoder thenreconstructs (1660) sample values of the current block based at least inpart on the predicted sample values. For a non-skipped block, theencoder or decoder can combine the predicted sample values with thereconstructed residual values to produce the reconstructed samplevalues. The encoder or decoder then stores (1670) the reconstructedsample values of the current block as part of the previouslyreconstructed content. Since the current block is encoded in the firstformat (e.g., main format), the encoder or decoder need not performconversion operations after prediction.

On the other hand, if the current block is not encoded in the firstformat, the encoder or decoder converts (1632) the set of sample valuesof the previously reconstructed content from the first format to asecond format in which the current block is encoded. For example, if thefirst and second formats have different color spaces, the encoder ordecoder performs color space transformation operations and/or colorspace reordering operations to change the color space of the set ofsample values of previously reconstructed content to the second format.For example, the encoder or decoder can convert a set P of sample valuesof previously reconstructed content from RGB color space to YCoCg colorspace as follows.

Suppose the sample values for a position in RGB color space are Ps_(R),Ps_(G) and Ps_(B), respectively, and the current bit depth isbit_depth_(current). The minimum sample value is 0, and the maximumsample value is (1<<bit_depth_(current))−1 (e.g., 255 for 8-bit samplevalues). To adjust the dynamic range of Co and Cg, the term add value isdefined as 1<<(bit_depth_(current)−1) (e.g., 128 for 8-bit samplevalues). The sample values Ps_(Y), Ps_(Co), and Ps_(Cg) for the positionin YCoCg color space can be calculated by:

Ps _(Y)=(Ps _(R)+(2*Ps _(G))+Ps _(B))>>2

Ps _(Co)=((Ps _(R) −Ps _(B))>>1)+add value

Ps _(Cg)=(((2*Ps _(G))−Ps _(R) −Ps _(B))>>2)+add value

The sample values Ps_(Y), Ps_(Co), and Ps_(Cg) are clipped in the rangedefined by the minimum sample value and maximum sample value.

More generally, the color conversion matrix CC_matrix_(1_to_2) fortransformation from a first color space to a second color space can bedefined as:

-   -   [c₀₀, c₀₁, c₀₂        -   c₁₀, c₁₁, c₁₂        -   c₂₀, c₂₁, c₂₂]

To adjust the dynamic range of output, a matrix of offsetsCC_offsets_(1_to_2) can be used. The offsets CC_offsets_(1_to_2) can bedefined as:

-   -   [o₀,        -   o₁,        -   o₂]

Suppose the sample values for a position in the first color space arePs_(CC1)=[Ps₀₀, Ps₀₁, Ps₀₂]^(T). The sample values Ps_(CC2) for theposition in the second color space can be calculated as:

Ps _(CC2) =CC_matrix_(1_to_2) *Ps _(CC1) +CC_offsets_(1_to_2)

The sample values PS_(CC2) are clipped to the appropriate range.

Color space reordering operations for the set P of sample values ofpreviously reconstructed content can be implemented by reordering thecolor components of a block or plane of the sample values, so as tochange the order of the primary and secondary color components.

If the first and second formats have different color sampling rates, theencoder or decoder performs downsampling or upsampling (with or withoutfiltering), to change the color sampling rate of the set of samplevalues of previously reconstructed content to the second format. Forexample, the encoder or decoder can convert a set P of sample values ofpreviously reconstructed content from 4:4:4 color sampling rate to 4:2:0color sampling rate as follows.

Suppose the sample values of previously reconstructed content are YUV4:4:4 sample values. The spatial resolution of the YUV 4:4:4 video iswidth×height for all color components. After color sampling rateconversion, the spatial resolution of the YUV 4:2:0 video iswidth×height for the Y component and (width/2)×(height/2) for the U andV components. For each position (i, j), for 0≤i<width, and 0≤j<height,an encoder or decoder can calculate the sample values for the YUV 4:2:0video as:

Y ₄₂₀ [i][j]=Y ₄₄₄ [i][j]

U ₄₂₀ [i][j]=(U ₄₄₄[2*i][2*j]+U ₄₄₄[2*i+1[2*j]+U ₄₄₄[2*i][2*j+1]+U₄₄₄[2*i+1][2*j+1])>>2

V ₄₂₀ [i][j]=(V ₄₄₄[2*i][2*j]+V ₄₄₄[2*i+1[2*j]+V ₄₄₄[2*i][2*j+1]+V₄₄₄[2*i+1][2*j+1])>>2

In this approach, the sample values for the U and V components aredetermined without filtering. Alternatively, the encoder or decoder canuse filtering when obtaining the downsampled U and V components.

If the first and second formats have different bit depths, the encoderor decoder changes the set P of sample values of previouslyreconstructed content from the bit depth bit_depth_(ref) to the bitdepth bit_depth_(current) of the sample values of the current block asfollows.

  if bit_depth_(ref) > bit_depth_(current) shift = bit_depth_(ref) − bit_depth_(current)  add = 1<<(shift − 1) P = (P + add) >> shift else if bit_depth_(ref) < bit_depth_(current) shift = bit_depth_(current) − bit_depth_(ref)  P <<= shift

For example, suppose the bit depth of the first format is 10 bits persample, the bit depth of the second format is 8 bits per sample, and thecurrent block uses intra spatial prediction. The encoder or decoderobtains the 10-bit sample values of neighboring positions used in intraspatial prediction. The 10-bit sample values are converted to 8-bitsample values, which are then used to generate 8-bit predicted samplevalues for the current block.

After the conversion (1632), the encoder or decoder predicts (1642)sample values of the current block using the set of converted samplevalues of previously reconstructed content. During encoding, the encodermay then generate, encode and reconstruct (1652) residual values. Duringdecoding, the decoder may reconstruct (1652) residual values. Theencoder or decoder then reconstructs (1662) sample values of the currentblock based at least in part on the predicted sample values. For anon-skipped block, the encoder or decoder can combine the predictedsample values with the reconstructed residual values to produce thereconstructed sample values.

At this point, the reconstructed sample values of the current block arein the second format. The reconstructed sample values of the currentblock are converted to the first format before storage as part of thereconstructed content. The encoder or decoder converts (1672) thereconstructed sample values of the current block from the second formatto the first format, and stores (1670) the converted, reconstructedsample values of the current block, now in the first format (e.g., mainformat), as part of the previously reconstructed content.

For example, if the first and second formats have different colorspaces, the encoder or decoder performs color space transformationoperations and/or color space reordering operations to change the colorspace of the reconstructed sample values of the current block to thefirst format. (The color space conversion operations from the secondformat to the first format generally mirror the earlier color spaceconversion operations from the first format to the second format.) Forexample, the encoder or decoder can convert reconstructed sample valuesR of a current block from YCoCg color space to RGB color space asfollows.

Suppose the sample values for a position in YCoCg color space areRs_(Y), Rs_(Co) and Rs_(Cg), respectively, and the current bit depth isbit_depth_(current). To adjust dynamic range, the term add_value isdefined as 1<<(bit_depth_(current)−1) (e.g., 128 for 8-bit samplevalues). The sample values Rs_(R), Rs_(G), and Rs_(B) for the positionin RGB color space can be calculated by:

Rs _(Co)−=add_value

Rs _(Cg)−=add_value

Rs _(R) =Rs _(Y) +Rs _(Co) −Rs _(Cg)

Rs _(G) =Rs _(Y) +Rs _(Cg)

Rs _(B) =Rs _(Y) −Rs _(Co) −Rs _(Cg)

The sample values Rs_(R), Rs_(G), and Rs_(B) are clipped in the rangedefined by the minimum sample value and maximum sample value.

More generally, the color conversion matrix CC_matrix_(2_to_1) fortransformation from a second color space back to a first color space canbe defined as:

-   -   [c′₀₀, c′₀₁, c′₀₂        -   c′₁₀, c′₁₁, c′₁₂        -   c′₂₀, c′₂₁, c′₂₂]

To adjust the dynamic range of output, a matrix of offsetsCC_offsets_(2_to_1) can be used. The offsets CC_offsets_(2_to_1) can bedefined as:

-   -   [o′₀,        -   o′₁,        -   o′₂]

Suppose the sample values for a position in the second color space areRs_(CC2)=[Rs₀₀, Rs₀₁, Rs₀₂]T. The sample values Rs_(CC1) for theposition in the first color space can be calculated as:

Rs _(CC1) =CC_matrix_(2_to_1)*(Rs _(CC2) +CC_offsets_(2_to_1))

The sample values Rs_(CC1) are clipped to the appropriate range.

Color space reordering operations for the reconstructed sample values Rcan be implemented by reordering the color components of a block orplane of the sample values, so as to change the order of the primary andsecondary color components.

If the first and second formats have different color sampling rates, theencoder or decoder performs downsampling or upsampling (with or withoutfiltering), to change the color sampling rate of the reconstructedsample values of the current block to the first format. (The colorsampling rate conversion operations from the second format to the firstformat generally mirror the earlier color sampling rate conversionoperations from the first format to the second format.) For example, theencoder or decoder can convert reconstructed sample values R of acurrent block from 4:2:0 color sampling rate to 4:4:4 color samplingrate by upsampling the downsampled color components.

If the first and second formats have different bit depths, the encoderor decoder changes the reconstructed sample values R of the currentblock from the bit depth bit_depth_(current) to the bit depthbit_depth_(ref) of the sample values of the reconstructed content asfollows.

  if bit_depth_(ref) > bit_depth_(current) shift = bit_depth_(ref) − bit_depth_(current)  R <<= shiftelse if bit_depth_(ref) < bit_depth_(current) shift = bit_depth_(current) − bit_depth_(ref)  add = 1<<(shift − 1) R = (R + add) >> shift

The encoder or decoder can repeat the technique (1600) for other blocksof a slice or picture.

In FIG. 16 , conversion (1632) happens before prediction (1642).Alternatively, for some types of prediction (e.g., intra spatialprediction, intra BC prediction), conversion can follow prediction. Inthis case, the encoder or decoder predicts the sample values of thecurrent block using the set of sample values of the previouslyreconstructed content, then converts the predicted sample values of thecurrent block from the first format to the second format. The encoder ordecoder reconstructs the sample values of the current block based atleast in part on the converted predicted sample values of the currentblock.

For example, suppose the bit depth of the first format is 10 bits persample, the bit depth of the second format is 8 bits per sample, and thecurrent block uses intra spatial prediction. The encoder or decoderobtains the 10-bit sample values of neighboring positions used in intraspatial prediction. The 10-bit sample values are used to generate 10-bitpredicted sample values, which are then converted to 8-bit samplevalues.

Alternatively, sample values of units of reconstructed content can bestored in the format in which the units are encoded. Some indication ofthe encoding formats for the respective units is also stored. Samplevalues of the reconstructed content are converted to another format, asneeded, for prediction.

F. Examples of Deblocking Operations.

During encoding or decoding, an encoder or decoder may perform adaptivein-loop deblocking for previously reconstructed content according to oneor more rules. In some cases, deblocking may be applied across aboundary between two blocks encoded with different color spaces.

For example, in some implementations of adaptive deblocking, thestrength of a deblocking filter for a boundary between two blocks isbased at least in part on whether either of the adjacent blocks hasnon-zero residual values. When two adjacent blocks have different colorspaces, the strength of deblocking filter for the boundary between theblocks can depend on whether primary components of the two adjacentblocks have non-zero residual values. For example, the primary componentof the first adjacent block is evaluated, and the primary component ofthe second adjacent block is evaluated, even though the color spaces aredifferent for the two blocks. The filter strength depends on whethereither primary component for the blocks has non-zero residual values.

Alternatively, the rule(s) can account for the different color spaces ofthe two adjacent blocks. In this case, when two adjacent blocks havedifferent color spaces, the strength of deblocking filter for theboundary between the blocks depends on whether corresponding componentsof the two adjacent blocks have non-zero residual values. For example,suppose the color space of one adjacent block is GBR, and the colorspace of the other adjacent block is RGB. Both color spaces are RGB-typecolor spaces. When determining the filter strength for the G component,the encoder or decoder considers the residual values of the firstcomponent (G) of the first block and the residual values of the secondcomponent (G) of the second block. This variation of adaptive deblockingcan be used for blocks with different RGB-type color spaces.

In view of the many possible embodiments to which the principles of thedisclosed invention may be applied, it should be recognized that theillustrated embodiments are only preferred examples of the invention andshould not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention. Rather, thescope of the invention is defined by the following claims. We thereforeclaim as our invention all that comes within the scope and spirit ofthese claims.

1.-34. (canceled)
 35. In a computer system that implements a videoencoder, a method comprising: encoding video in a sequence, including:switching color spaces, color sampling rates and/or bit depths spatiallyand/or temporally between at least some units of the video within thesequence during the encoding, the color spaces including an RGB-typecolor space and a YCoCg color space, wherein the switching includesselecting between: for lossy coding, using color space conversionoperations to switch between the RGB-type color space and the YCoCgcolor space; and for lossless coding, using invertible color spaceconversion operations to switch between the RGB-type color space and theYCoCg color space; and outputting encoded data in a bitstream, theencoded data including one or more signals indicating how the colorspaces, the color sampling rates and/or the bit depths switch betweenthe at least some units of the video within the sequence.
 36. The methodof claim 35, wherein the units of the video are transform blocks of agiven picture of the sequence.
 37. The method of claim 35, wherein theencoded data further includes information identifying or defining thecolor spaces.
 38. The method of claim 35, wherein different colorcomponents of a given unit of the units of the video have different bitdepths.
 39. The method of claim 35, wherein the one or more signalsinclude a flag value for a given unit of the units of the video, theflag value indicating a selection between the RGB-type color space andthe YCoCg color space.
 40. The method of claim 39, wherein the encodingfurther comprises entropy coding the flag value using context-adaptivebinary arithmetic coding.
 41. The method of claim 39, wherein the flagvalue is signaled as part of a block syntax structure for the given unitwhen there are residual values for the given unit.
 42. The method ofclaim 35, wherein the switching further comprises, for the losslesscoding, performing the invertible color space conversion operations, andwherein, compared to the color space conversion operations, theinvertible color space conversion operations utilize an increasedintermediate bit depth for at least some color components.
 43. Themethod of claim 35, wherein the switching further comprises, for thelossy coding, performing the color space conversion operations, andwherein the switching further comprises performing right shiftoperations on at least some results of the color space conversionoperations.
 44. One or more non-transitory computer-readable mediahaving stored thereon encoded data as part of a bitstream, the encodeddata including one or more signals indicating how color spaces, colorsampling rates and/or bit depths switch between at least some units ofvideo within a sequence, the encoded data resulting from encoding thevideo in the sequence by operations that include: switching the colorspaces, the color sampling rates and/or the bit depths spatially and/ortemporally between the at least some units of the video within thesequence during the encoding, the color spaces including an RGB-typecolor space and a YCoCg color space, wherein the switching includesselecting between: for lossy coding, using color space conversionoperations to switch between the RGB-type color space and the YCoCgcolor space; and for lossless coding, using invertible color spaceconversion operations to switch between the RGB-type color space and theYCoCg color space.
 45. The one or more computer-readable media of claim44, wherein the units of the video are transform blocks of a givenpicture of the sequence.
 46. The one or more computer-readable media ofclaim 44, wherein the encoded data further includes informationidentifying or defining the color spaces.
 47. The one or morecomputer-readable media of claim 44, wherein different color componentsof a given unit of the units of the video have different bit depths. 48.The one or more computer-readable media of claim 44, wherein the one ormore signals include a flag value for a given unit of the units of thevideo, the flag value indicating a selection between the RGB-type colorspace and the YCoCg color space.
 49. The one or more computer-readablemedia of claim 48, wherein the encoding further comprises entropy codingthe flag value using context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding.
 50. Theone or more computer-readable media of claim 48, wherein the flag valueis signaled as part of a block syntax structure for the given unit whenthere are residual values for the given unit.
 51. The one or morecomputer-readable media of claim 44, wherein the switching furthercomprises, for the lossless coding, performing the invertible colorspace conversion operations, and wherein, compared to the color spaceconversion operations, the invertible color space conversion operationsutilize an increased intermediate bit depth for at least some colorcomponents.
 52. The one or more computer-readable media of claim 44,wherein the switching further comprises, for the lossy coding,performing the color space conversion operations, and wherein theswitching further comprises performing right shift operations on atleast some results of the color space conversion operations.
 53. Acomputer system comprising one or more processing units and memory,wherein the computer system implements a video decoder configured toperform operations comprising: receiving encoded data as part of abitstream, the encoded data including one or more signals indicating howcolor spaces, color sampling rates and/or bit depths switch between atleast some units of video within a sequence, the encoded data resultingfrom encoding the video in the sequence by operations that include:switching the color spaces, the color sampling rates and/or the bitdepths spatially and/or temporally between the at least some units ofthe video within the sequence during the encoding, the color spacesincluding an RGB-type color space and a YCoCg color space, wherein theswitching includes selecting between (a) for lossy coding, using colorspace conversion operations to switch between the RGB-type color spaceand the YCoCg color space, and (b) for lossless coding, using invertiblecolor space conversion operations to switch between the RGB-type colorspace and the YCoCg color space; and decoding the encoded data.
 54. Thecomputer system of claim 53, wherein the one or more signals include aflag value for a given unit of the units of the video, the flag valueindicating a selection between the RGB-type color space and the YCoCgcolor space.